Antineoplastic effects of sodium dichloroacetate and omeprazole, alone or in combination, on canine oral mucosal melanoma cells.

Oral mucosal melanoma (OMM) is a common neoplasm in canines, although it is rare in humans. Cancer cells present alterations in energetic metabolism, and the Warburg effect states that most cancer cells undergo aerobic glycolysis. This can be reversed by certain drugs, resulting in decreased cell viability and cell death. We sought to evaluate the effects of sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) and omeprazole (OMP) alone or in combination on canine OMM and human melanoma cells. CMGD5 and SK-MEL-28 cell lines were treated with DCA and OMP alone or in combination, and cell viability was assessed using the crystal violet assay. Cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) was assessed by Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining assays using flow cytometry. In addition, the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was evaluated using a SeaHorse XF assay. Treatment with DCA or OMP alone resulted in a significant, but not dose-dependent, reduction in cell viability in both cell lines; however, the combination of DCA and OMP resulted in a significant and dose-dependent decrease in viability in both cell lines. DCA and OMP, alone or in combination, did not alter OCR at the concentrations tested in either cell line. Since the combination of DCA and OMP potentialized the inhibition of viability and increased cell death in a synergistic manner in melanoma cells, this approach may represent a new repurposing strategy to treat cancer.

Sodium dichloroacetate attenuates the growth of B16-F10 melanoma in vitro and in vivo: an opportunity for drug repurposing.

Sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) is a metabolic regulator used to treat diabetes. Since DCA inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, decreasing lactic acid formation, it can reverse the Warburg effect in cancer cells, promoting apoptosis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential of DCA as a drug repurposing candidate for the treatment of melanoma. For the in-vitro assay, murine B16-F10 melanoma cells were treated with 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20 or 50 mM DCA for 3 days, analyzed with the crystal violet method. The in-vivo effect of DCA was evaluated in B16-F10 tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice treated with different doses of DCA (0, 25, 75 or 150 mg/kg) by gavage for 10 days, followed by measurement of tumor volume. Upon necropsy, representative slices of lung, liver, kidney, spleen and intestine were collected, processed and submitted for histopathological examination. The DCA concentrations of 10, 20 and 50 mM reduced B16-F10 cell viability after 48 and 72 h of treatment, whereas 20 and 50 mM were effective after 24 h of treatment. A significant reduction in tumor growth was observed in B16-F10 melanoma bearing mice at all doses, with no change in body weight or histology. DCA attenuates the growth of B16-F10 melanoma in vitro and in vivo, without systemic toxic effects. Therefore, DCA is a candidate for drug repurposing against melanomas.