RESUMO
Stroke represents one of the main causes of death and disability in the world; despite this, pharmacological therapies against stroke remain insufficient. Ischemic stroke is the leading etiology of stroke. Different molecular mechanisms, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, participate in cell death and tissue damage. At a preclinical level, different garlic compounds have been evaluated against these mechanisms. Additionally, there is evidence supporting the participation of garlic compounds in other mechanisms that contribute to brain tissue recovery, such as neuroplasticity. After ischemia, neuroplasticity is activated to recover cognitive and motor function. Some garlic-derived compounds and preparations have shown the ability to promote neuroplasticity under physiological conditions and, more importantly, in cerebral damage models. This work describes damage/repair mechanisms and the importance of garlic as a source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents against damage. Moreover, we examine the less-explored neurotrophic properties of garlic, culminating in proposals and observations based on our review of the available information. The aim of the present study is to propose that garlic compounds and preparations could contribute to the treatment of ischemic stroke through their neurotrophic effects.
RESUMO
Resumen: La enfermad por el virus de SARS-CoV-2 o COVID-19 tiene un alto índice de contagio y transmisibilidad que sobrepasa los sistemas de salud en el mundo. En México se cuentan 1,771,740 casos positivos, 150,273 defunciones y 204,070 contagios, de esas defunciones 2,687 corresponden al personal de salud. La intubación orotraqueal representa uno de los eventos con mayor riesgo de contagio, es por ello que es imperativo el uso de equipo de protección personal así como de distintas acciones a tomar durante la intubación orotraqueal por parte del equipo.
Abstract: The disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 virus has a high rate of contagion and transmissibility, surpassing the health systems in the world. In Mexico there are 1'771,740 positive cases, 150,273 deaths, 204,070 infections, and 2,687 of these deaths represent health personnel. Orotracheal intubation represents one of the events with the highest risk of contagion, which is why the use of personal protective equipment is imperative, as well as different attitudes to be taken during orotracheal intubation by the team.
Resumo: A doença causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 ou COVID-19 apresenta alto índice de contágio e transmissibilidade, superando os sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo. No México, há 1.771,740 casos positivos, 150,273 mortes, 204,070 infecções e 2,687 dessas mortes representam pessoal de saúde. A intubação orotraqueal representa um dos eventos de maior risco de contágio, por isso o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual é imprescindível, assim como as diferentes atitudes a serem tomadas durante a intubação orotraqueal pela equipe.
RESUMO
Los hemotrópicos son entidades patológicas que afectan a caninos domésticos y salvajes, así como a humanos; su distribución geográfica es mundial. Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de hemotrópicos en caninos domésticos de las comunidades Cancamure II, Guaranache I y Vega El Limón, de la parroquia San Juan, municipio Sucre, estado Sucre, Venezuela, se tomaron muestras sanguíneas a 65 caninos, de todas las edades, sin distinción de raza ni sexo, previo consentimiento informado de sus propietarios. Para el diagnóstico parasitológico se utilizó el examen directo, extendidos sanguíneos y de capa blanca teñidos con Hemacolor®, también se empleó la técnica de concentración de Knott modificada. De los 65 caninos estudiados, 39 resultaron positivos para hemotrópicos, representando una prevalencia de 60,00%. Entre los hemotrópicos encontrados, Ehrlichia canis resultó ser la especie más común en los caninos con una prevalencia de 89,70%, seguido por Anaplasma platys (10,20%), Dirofilaria immitis (7,70%) y Hepatozoon canis (2,60%). La comunidad más afectada por Ehrlichia canis fue Guaranache I con el 48,60% de los casos. Los valores hematológicos concordaron con lo esperado para cada hemotrópico; en el caso particular de la hepatozoonosis, el canino presentó una leucocitosis de 18,3x10(9)/L y linfocitosis leve (53,80%); sin embargo, no presentó ningún signo patognomónico. La elevada prevalencia de Ehrlichia canis en estas comunidades representa un riesgo epidemiológico para la población canina y las personas de estas comunidades. El hallazgo de Hepatozoon canis representa un importante aporte epidemiológico de la enfermedad en el municipio Sucre, siendo este el primer caso reportado en el oriente venezolano.
Hemotropics are pathogens that affect domestic and wild dogs as well as humans worldwide. In this study we determined the prevalence of hemotropics in domestic dogs in the Cancamure II, Vega El Limón and Guaranache communities in the parish of San Juan, Sucre Municipality, Sucre state, Venezuela. Blood samples of 65 dogs of all ages, regardless of race or sex, were collected with the informed consent of their owners. Parasitological diagnosis was performed using direct examination, as well as blood and buffy coat smears stained with Hemacolor®. The modified Knott´s concentration technique was also used. Of the 65 dogs studied 39 (60%) tested positive for hemotropics, and of these Ehrlichia canis was the most common species with a prevalence of 89.7%, followed by Anaplasma platys (10.2%), Dirofilaria immitis (7.7%) and Hepatozoon canis (2.6%). The community most affected by Ehrlichia canis was Guaranache with 48.6% of the total number of cases. Hematologic values were consistent with expected values for each hemotropic. As regards the hepatozoonosis, the dog showed a leukocytosis of 18.3x10(9)/L and mild lymphocytosis (53.8%), but did not show any pathognomonic symptoms. The high prevalence of Ehrlichia canis in these communities represents an epidemiological risk both for the dog populations and human inhabitants. The presence of Hepatozoon canis also represents an important contribution to the epidemiology of hepatozoonosis in Sucre Municipality, as this is the first report of this disease in eastern Venezuela.
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Bone disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex phenomenon where genetic risk factors have been partially evaluated. The system formed by receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB (RANK), receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG): RANK/RANKL/OPG is a crucial molecular pathway for coupling between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, since OPG is able to inhibit osteoclast differentiation and activation. We aim to evaluate the association between SNPs C950T (rs2073617), C209T (rs3134069), T245G (rs3134070) in the TNFRSF11B (OPG) gene, and osteoporosis in RA. We included 81 women with RA and 52 healthy subjects in a cross-sectional study, genotyped them, and measured bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. Mean age in RA was 50 ± 12 with disease duration of 12 ± 8 years. According to BMD results, 23 (33.3%) were normal and 46 (66.7%) had osteopenia/osteoporosis. We found a higher prevalence of C allele for C950T SNP in RA. Polymorphisms C209T and T245G did not reach statistical significance in allele distribution. Further studies including patients from other regions of Latin America with a multicenter design to increase the sample size are required to confirm our findings and elucidate if C950T SNP could be associated with osteoporosis in RA.
Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/genética , Osteoporose/genética , Osteoprotegerina/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Alelos , Densidade Óssea/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ligante RANK/genética , Receptor Ativador de Fator Nuclear kappa-B/genética , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RATIONALE: There are very few data as to the social and occupational adaptation of patients with bipolar disorder in Spain and even less is known about the resource use they generate. OBJECTIVE: To determine the functional status and healthcare resource use of the Spanish sample of the pan European EMBLEM (European Mania in Bipolar Longotudinal Evaluation of Medication) study of bipolar patients in manic or mixed phase. METHOD: The EMBLEM study recruited 3536 patients, 312 of whom (8.82%) were enrolled in Spain. Patients had to be adults with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder who were initiating at the discretion of their treating psychiatrist oral treatment for an acute manic phase. They were evaluated using the Spanish versions of rating scales for the severity of mania (Young Mania Rating Scale), bipolar disorder (CGI BD) for mania, depression and hallucinations delusions, and depression (HAMD 5 item version of the Hamilton Scale); the Life Chart Method (LCM) and 2 items of the SLICE of LIFE were used to evaluate functioning. Information was collected on healthcare resource utilization during the preceding year. RESULTS: Sixty three percent of the patients presented with moderate to very severe work related difficulties in the year preceding his her manic episode. Forty percent of the patients failed to comply either totally or partly with their prescribed treatment. Subjects required an average of 1.5 hospitalizations during the year prior to enrollment, with a mean stay of approximately 10 days, and between 7 and 8 outpatient visits per year.