Impact of parathyroidectomy on quality of life in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

Background: Potential influences of parathyroidectomy (PTx) on the quality of life (QoL) in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-related primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT/MEN1) are unknown. Method: Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire was prospectively applied to 30 HPT/MEN1 patients submitted to PTx (20, subtotal; 10, total with autograft) before, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Parameters that were analyzed included QoL, age, HPT-related symptoms, general pain, comorbidities, biochemical/hormonal response, PTx type and parathyroid volume. Results: Asymptomatic patients were younger (30 vs 38 years; P = 0.04) and presented higher QoL scores than symptomatic ones: Physical Component Summary score (PCS) 92.5 vs 61.2, P = 0.0051; Mental Component Summary score (MCS) 82.0 vs 56.0, P = 0.04. In both groups, QoL remained stable 1 year after PTx, independently of the number of comorbidities. Preoperative general pain was negatively correlated with PCS (r = -0.60, P = 0.0004) and MCS (r = -0.57, P = 0.0009). Also, moderate/intense pain was progressively (6/12 months) more frequent in cases developing hypoparathyroidism. The PTx type and hypoparathyroidism did not affect the QoL at 12 months although remnant parathyroid tissue volume did have a positive correlation (P = 0.0490; r = 0.3625) to PCS 12 months after surgery. Patients with one to two comorbidities had as pre-PTx PCS (P = 0.0015) as 12 months and post-PTx PCS (P = 0.0031) and MCS (P = 0.0365) better than patients with three to four comorbidities. Conclusion: A variable QoL profile was underscored in HPT/MEN1 reflecting multiple factors associated with this complex disorder as comorbidities, advanced age at PTx and presence of preoperative symptoms or of general pain perception. Our data encourage the early indication of PTx in HPT/MEN1 by providing known metabolic benefits to target organs and avoiding potential negative impact on QoL.

Could the Less-Than Subtotal Parathyroidectomy Be an Option for Treating Young Patients With Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1-Related Hyperparathyroidism?

Background: The surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) has evolved due the concern of permanent hypoparathyroidism. As the diagnosis has increased, the extent of operation has decreased. Most MEN1 patients requiring parathyroidectomy are younger than 50 years and they pose a difficult balance to achieve between persistent HPT and life-long hypoparathyroidism. The aim of the present study is to review our experience with a large series of patients with MEN1-related HPT (HPT/MEN1) treated at a single institution in order to find clues to a better treatment decision in these younger cases. Method: Retrospective analysis of consecutive HPT/MEN1 cases treated at a single institution with different operations: total parathyroidectomy and immediate forearm autograft (TPTX-AG), subtotal (STPTX), unintentional less than subtotal (U-LSTPTX) and intentional less than subtotal parathyroidectomy (I-LSTPTX). Results: Considering 84 initial cases operated on since 2011 (TPTX-AG, 39; STPTX, 22, U-LSTPTX, 13, and I-LSTPTX, 10), the rates of hypoparathyroidism were 30.8% (U-LSTPTX), 28.2% (TPTX-AG), 13.6% (STPTX), and 0% (I-LSTPTX). Two-thirds of them (68%; 57/84) were young (<50 years) or asdolescents. MIBI scan was more sensitive to show parathyroid glands and bilateral disease. Considering the concordance of MIBI and ultrasound for the possibility of unilateral clearance, it would be suitable to 22.6% of the cases. Intra-operative parathormone showed a significant decay even after unilateral exploration, but longer follow up is necessary. Overall, there were seven (4%) adolescents in 161 cases treated from 1987 to 2018, three underwent TPTX-AG and four had U-LSTPTX. Five are euparathyroid, one had mild recurrence, and one required a reoperation after 8 years due to the residual gland. Conclusions: Young patients are the most frequent candidates to parathyroidectomy. Less extensive procedures may be planned only if carefully reviewed preoperative imaging studies suggest a localized disease. Patients and their relatives should be fully informed of the risks and benefits during consent process. Future research with larger cohorts and long-term results are necessary to clarify if less than I-LSPTX or unilateral clearance are really adequate in selected groups of patients with HPT/MEN1 presenting lower volume of disease detected by preoperative imaging studies.

Lymph node distribution in the central compartment of the neck: an anatomic study.

BACKGROUND: Dissection of the central compartment of the neck (CCN) is performed for proven or suspected lymph node metastases of thyroid carcinoma. During this procedure, the recurrent laryngeal nerves and the parathyroid glands are at risk. The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomic distribution of the lymph nodes in the CCN. METHODS: The anatomic distribution of the lymph nodes in the CCN was studied by dissection of 30 fresh cadavers. The soft tissue between the cricoid cartilage and the innominate vein, carotid arteries, and prevertebral fascia was removed and divided according to CCN sublevels. Nodules were identified by palpation in the specimen and sent for pathological examination. RESULTS: Three to 44 (18.5 ± 10.29) nodules were identified macroscopically. Two to 42 nodules were confirmed as lymph nodes after microscopic examination. The lymph node distribution was as follows: precricoid: 0 to 2 (0.9 ± 0.72); pretracheal: 1 of 35 (12.4 ± 8.19); lateral to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN): 0 to 11 (3.4 ± 2.34); and lateral to the left: 0 to 4 (1.7 ± 1.30). Twenty-six parathyroid glands were removed by 14 dissections. The innominate vein was found at 15 mm above the superior border of the clavicles to 35 mm below on the left side of the neck and 5 to 45 mm on the right side. CONCLUSION: The number of confirmed lymph nodes in the central neck varied from 2 to 42. Sixty-seven percent of the lymph nodes were in the pretracheal sublevel. There was no division between level VI and VII lymph nodes. Additionally, the innominate vein was found to be from 15 mm above the superior border of the clavicles to 35 mm below on the left side of the neck and 5 to 45 mm on the right side. Parathyroid glands were identified to be far away from the thyroid gland.

Impact of RET proto-oncogene analysis on the clinical management of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by the presence of medullary thyroid carcinoma, primary hyperparathyroidism, and pheochromocytoma. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 is still an underdiagnosed, or late-diagnosed condition in many areas of the world. Since 1993, when the first missense RET proto-oncogene (RET) mutations were reported in MEN2, up to 46 different RET-causing disease mutations have been described. Since a strong genotype-phenotype correlation exists for MEN2, the detection of RET mutations has produced a major impact in early recognition and treatment of MTC and MEN2. Presently, RET mutation analysis should be performed for all MEN2 cases and their at-risk familial relatives. Further, prophylactic total thyroidectomy is indicated in all cases harboring activating gametic RET mutations. In most RET mutation carriers, prophylactic total thyroidectomy is indicated at ages as early as a few months to 4 years of age, promoting longer survival and improvement of quality of life or even definitive cure. We discuss the large impact of RET proto-oncogene analysis on the clinical management of MEN2 and the role of early RET molecular DNA diagnosis in providing clinicians and surgeons with valuable information that enables them to indicate early total thyroidectomy.

Impact of RET proto-oncogene analysis on the clinical management of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2

A neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 2 (NEM2) é caracterizada pela ocorrência do carcinoma medular de tireóide (CMT), hiperparatiroidismo primário (HPT) e feocromocitoma (FEO).1-12 Desde 1993, quando as primeiras mutações do tipo missense no proto-oncogene RET (RET), associadas a NEM2 foram identificadas, 46 diferentes mutações causadoras de doenças foram descritas.13-17 Como há uma forte correlação genótipo-fenótipo na NEM2, a detecção de mutações no RET adquiriu grande impacto no tratamento precoce do CMT e NEM2. A NEM2 persiste como uma doença subdiagnosticada e/ou tardiamente diagnosticada em várias áreas geográficas do globo. A análise de mutações do RET deve ser realizada em todas os casos de NEM2 e atualmente, a tireoidectomia total profilática é indicada para todos os indivíduos portadores de mutações no RET.1 Para a grande maioria dos portadores de mutações gaméticas ativadoras no RET este procedimento cirúrgico é indicado nos primeiros anos de vida, promovendo melhora na qualidade de vida, aumento da sobrevida ou mesmo levando à cura definitiva.1 Discutimos nesta revisão, o impacto da análise do proto-oncogene RET na conduta clínica da neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 2. Além disso, o diagnóstico molecular do RET fornece à clínicos e cirurgiões a mais valiosa das informações, permitindo indicação de tireoidectomia total profilática.

Niveis sericos de hormonio de crescimento na sindrome de Hunter / Serum growth hormone levels in Hunter's syndrome

Os niveis sericos de hormonio de crescimento (GH) foram estudados em tres irmaos com sindrome de Hunter (Mucopolissacaridose tipo II). A dinamica da secrecao do GH foi analisada por meio de testes com insulina (0,05 UI/Kg, i.v.), glicose (1,75 g/Kg, v.o.), lisina vasopressina (LPV) (5 ou 10 UI, i.m.) e L-Dopa (500 mg, v.o.). Os niveis basais de GH durante os quatro testes eram elevados (X = 14,2 ng/ml) nos tres casos. As respostas do GH ao estimulo com insulina e LPV mostraram tendencia a apresentar uma correlacao direta com a idade dos casos analisados, sendo maiores no paciente mais velho. Ao contrario dos dois outros casos, no teste com L-Dopa o paciente mais velho nao mostrou elevacao de niveis de GH. Apos administracao de glicose, os niveis de GH se deprimiram, como esperado nos tres casos. Como valores basais de cortisol e prolactina eram usualmente normais durante estes testes, nao se valorizou a hipotese de que o stress fosse o unico causador dos valores basais elevados de GH. Para tentar melhor esclarecer estes achados, dosaram-se os niveis de GH sob condicoes basais de 20-20 min., durante 120 min.; nos tres casos as medias destes valores de GH eram normais nos casos 1 e 3, enquanto tendiam a se elevar no caso 2. Valores da somatomedina-C eram normais-baixos nos tres casos...

Detecçäo precoce do carcinoma medular de tireóide na neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo II / Early detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia type II

Fez-se diagnóstico precoce do carcinoma medual de tireóide em dois dos seis filhos de dois dos seis filhos de dois pacientes com neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo II. para isto, usaram-se dosagens séricas de calcitonina durante o teste estimulatório combinado com 2 mg de Ca++/Kg de peso ou 0,5 mcg/Kg de peso de pentagastrina. Respostas exageradas (> 350 pg/ml) em dois testes feitos em diferentes dias, documentaram o diagnóstico deste tumor nos dois casos. A tireoidectomia total foi indicada e realizada em ambos os casos, associada à ressecçäo preventiva dos gânglios linfáticos do quadrilátero central do pescoço. Os exames anátomo-patológico e imunocitquímico para calcitonia documentaram em ambos os casos dois nódulos com características de carcinoma medular de tireoide, ao lado de extensas áreas de hiperplasia das células C. O eventual surgimento de feocromocitoma e/ou hiperpartireoidismo continua a ser periodicamente investigado nestas duas irmäs. A queda abrupta dos níveis de calcitonina no pós-cirúrgico e a persistência de níveis normais 18 meses após a cirurgia, indicam cura do carcinoma medular de tireóide em ambas as irmäs. Em uma segunda família, detectou-se filho de afetado com neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo II com fortes indicaçöes de presença de hiperparatireoidismo, mas o paciente näo mais retornou ao hospital. Confirmou-se a validade da dosagem da calcitonina sérica como marcador tumoral do carcinoma medular da tireóide e do índice de cura no pós-cirúrgico, ao lado do antígeno carcinoembriônico

Dinâmica da secreçäo de calcitonina em cultura de tecido de carcinoma medular de tireóide / Dynamics od calcitomin secretion in tissue culture of medullary thyroid carcinoma

Estudou-se a dinâmica da secreçäo in vitro da calcitonina produzida por um carcinoma medular de tireóide. Quatorze dias após cultivo do carcinoma medular de tireóide, adicionou-se cloreto de cálcio (20 mM), cloreto de magnésio (20mM), glucagon (6 x 10-6 M) e pentagastrina (3 x 10-6 M). O cloreto de sódio (20mM) foi usado como controle. A calcitonina foi dosada por radioimunoensaio, usando duplo anticorpo. A relaçäo concentraçäo de calcitonina do meio: conteúdo de proteína de cada frasco foi considerada. Notaram-se acréscimos evidentes na secreçäo decalcitonina, em relaçäo ao ensaio controle, 4 horas após a adiçäo de todos produtos testados. Os delta% em relaçäo ao experimento controle foram de 60, 264, 50 e 48, após acréscimo de magnésio, cálcio, pentagastrina e glucagon, respectivamente. O sistema montado pode ser útil no futuro para testar qumioterápicos que atuem sobre o carcinoma medular de tireóide