Zone I of Tear Microdesiccates Is a Lipid-Containing Structure.

PURPOSE: Morphological features of tear microdesiccates on glass surfaces have been associated with tear fluid status. Tear-film lipids play a critical role in the pathophysiology of some ocular surface disorders. Tear microdesiccates display 4 distinctive morphological domains (zones I, II, III, and transition band). In this study, we investigated the lipid location in tear microdesiccates. METHODS: Tear from individual healthy eyes (assessed by symptoms, signs, and slit-lamp examination) was collected using absorbing minisponges. One-µL aliquots were allowed to dry under ambient conditions on microscope slides. Tear microdesiccates were examined by various transmitted light microscopy methods. Tear lipids were located both by partition experiments using 2 lipophilic dyes (Oil red O and Nile blue A) mixed with tear fluid under conditions preserving morphological features of microdesiccates and by assessing the effect of 2 solvents markedly differing in polarity (water and ethanol) on the morphology of particular domains of preformed microdesiccates. RESULTS: During desiccation, both Nile blue A and Oil red O became preferentially located in the outermost domain of tear microdesiccates (zone I) without affecting the formation of major fern-like crystalloids (zones II and III). Low volumes of water drastically affected fern-like crystalloids, whereas the gross morphology of zone I was maintained. Contrarily, ethanol, a less polar solvent, was a fixative for fern-like crystalloids, although it markedly affected the bulk of zone I by extracting liquid droplets out of microdesiccates and visibilizing some filamentous subcomponents. CONCLUSIONS: Zone I is a hydrophobic domain, whereas zones II and III are highly hydrophilic domains of tear microdesiccates. Zone I represents a lipid-rich structure.

Progress in tear microdesiccate analysis by combining various transmitted-light microscope techniques.

BACKGROUND: Tear desiccation on a glass surface followed by transmitted-light microscopy has served as diagnostic test for dry eye. Four distinctive morphological domains (zones I, II, III and transition band) have been recently recognized in tear microdesiccates. Physicochemical dissimilarities among those domains hamper comprehensive microscopic examination of tear microdesiccates. Optimal observation conditions of entire tear microdesiccates are now investigated. One-µl aliquots of tear collected from individual healthy eyes were dried at ambient conditions on microscope slides. Tear microdesiccates were examined by combining low-magnification objective lenses with transmitted-light microscopy (brightfield, phase contrasts Ph1,2,3 and darkfield). RESULTS: Fern-like structures (zones II and III) were visible with all illumination methods excepting brightfield. Zone I was the microdesiccate domain displaying the most noticeable illumination-dependent variations, namely transparent band delimited by an outer rim (Ph1, Ph2), homogeneous compactly built structure (brightfield) or invisible domain (darkfield, Ph3). Intermediate positions of the condenser (BF/Ph1, Ph1/Ph2) showed a structured roughly cylindrical zone I. The transition band also varied from invisibility (brightfield) to a well-defined domain comprising interwoven filamentous elements (phase contrasts, darkfield). CONCLUSIONS: Imaging of entire tear microdesiccates by transmitted-light microscopy depends upon illumination. A more comprehensive description of tear microdesiccates can be achieved by combining illumination methods.

Progress in tear microdesiccate analysis by combining various transmitted-light microscope techniques

BACKGROUND: Tear desiccation on a glass surface followed by transmitted-light microscopy has served as diagnostic test for dry eye. Four distinctive morphological domains (zones I, II, III and transition band) have been recently recognized in tear microdesiccates. Physicochemical dissimilarities among those domains hamper comprehensive microscopic examination of tear microdesiccates. Optimal observation conditions of entire tear microdesiccates are now investigated. One-µl aliquots of tear collected from individual healthy eyes were dried at ambient conditions on microscope slides. Tear microdesiccates were examined by combining low-magnification objective lenses with transmitted-light microscopy (brightfield, phase contrasts Ph1,2,3 and darkfield. RESULTS: Fern-like structures (zones II and III) were visible with all illumination methods excepting brightfield. Zone I was the microdesiccate domain displaying the most noticeable illumination-dependent variations, namely transparent band delimited by an outer rim (Ph1, Ph2), homogeneous compactly built structure (brightfield) or invisible domain (darkfield, Ph3). Intermediate positions of the condenser (BF/Ph1, Ph1/Ph2) showed a structured roughly cylindrical zone I. The transition band also varied from invisibility (brightfield) to a well-defined domain comprising interwoven filamentous elements (phase contrasts, darkfield. CONCLUSIONS: Imaging of entire tear microdesiccates by transmitted-light microscopy depends upon illumination. A more comprehensive description of tear microdesiccates can be achieved by combining illumination methods.

Dynamics of tear fluid desiccation on a glass surface: a contribution to tear quality assessment.

BACKGROUND: Fern-like crystalloids form when a microvolume of tear is allowed to dry out at ambient conditions on a glass surface. Presence of crystalloids in tear "microdesiccates" is used to evaluate patients with Dry-Eye disease. This study aims to examine morphologically the desiccation process of normal tear fluid and to identify changes associated with accelerated tear evaporation. Tear microdesiccates from healthy (Non-Dry Eye) and Dry Eye subjects were produced at ambient conditions. Microdesiccate formation was monitored continuously by dark-field video microscopy. Additionally, accelerated desiccation of tear samples from healthy subjects was conducted under controlled experimental conditions. Particular morphological domains of tear microdesiccates and their progressive appearance during desiccation were compared. RESULTS: In normal tear microdesiccates, four distinctive morphological domains (zones I, II, III and transition band) were recognized. Stepwise formation of those domains is now described. Experimentally accelerated desiccation resulted in marked changes in some of those zones, particularly involving either disappearance or size reduction of fern-like crystalloids of zones II and III. Tear microdesiccates from Dry Eye subjects may also display those differences and be the expression of a more synchronous formation of microdesiccate domains. CONCLUSION: Morphological characteristics of tear microdesiccates can provide insights into the relative rate of tear evaporation.

Dynamics of tear fluid desiccation on a glass surface: a contribution to tear quality assessment

BACKGROUND: Fern-like crystalloids form when a microvolume of tear is allowed to dry out at ambient conditions on a glass surface. Presence of crystalloids in tear "microdesiccates" is used to evaluate patients with Dry-Eye disease. This study aims to examine morphologically the desiccation process of normal tear fluid and to identify changes associated with accelerated tear evaporation. Tear microdesiccates from healthy (Non-Dry Eye) and Dry Eye subjects were produced at ambient conditions. Microdesiccate formation was monitored continuously by dark-field video microscopy. Additionally, accelerated desiccation of tear samples from healthy subjects was conducted under controlled experimental conditions. Particular morphological domains of tear microdesiccates and their progressive appearance during desiccation were compared. RESULTS: In normal tear microdesiccates, four distinctive morphological domains (zones I, II, III and transition band) were recognized. Stepwise formation of those domains is now described. Experimentally accelerated desiccation resulted in marked changes in some of those zones, particularly involving either disappearance or size reduction of fern-like crystalloids of zones II and III. Tear microdesiccates from Dry Eye subjects may also display those differences and be the expression of a more synchronous formation of microdesiccate domains. CONCLUSION: Morphological characteristics of tear microdesiccates can provide insights into the relative rate of tear evaporation.

Microdesiccates produced from normal human tears display four distinctive morphological components.

Desiccation of human tears on glass surfaces results in fern-like crystalloids. This phenomenon has been associated with tear normality (Tear Ferning Test, TFT) and is used as a diagnostic aid to evaluate patients with Dry-Eye disease. However, TFT is focused on the assessment of only a minor fraction of desiccated tear samples and considers only the relative abundance and density of fern-like crystalloids. The aim of this study was to characterize morphologically entire desiccated micro volumes of tears from healthy donors. Tear samples were collected from 23 healthy young adult volunteers. Tear aliquots (1-3 µL) were allowed to dry on glass surfaces under ambient conditions of temperature (15-25°C) and relative humidity (40-45%). Dry samples were analyzed by dark-field microscopy. Morphometric data were acquired with Image J software. Tear volume was positively correlated with both area and time of desiccation. Morphological features of multiple microdesiccates produced from a single subject displayed striking similarities whereas tear microdesiccates from different healthy subjects displayed consistent differences but shared a common general design. This design may be mostly represented by the occurrence of four distinctive zones, named as zones I, II, III and Transition band. The main features of these zones are described.

Microdesiccates produced from normal human tears display four distinctive morphological components

Desiccation of human tears on glass surfaces results in fern-like crystalloids. This phenomenon has been associated with tear normality (Tear Ferning Test, TFT) and is used as a diagnostic aid to evaluate patients with Dry-Eye disease. However, TFT is focused on the assessment of only a minor fraction of desiccated tear samples and considers only the relative abundance and density of fern-like crystalloids. The aim of this study was to characterize morphologically entire desiccated micro volumes of tears from healthy donors. Tear samples were collected from 23 healthy young adult volunteers. Tear aliquots (1-3 μL) were allowed to dry on glass surfaces under ambient conditions of temperature (15-25°C) and relative humidity (40-45%). Dry samples were analyzed by dark-field microscopy. Morphometric data were acquired with Image J software. Tear volume was positively correlated with both area and time of desiccation. Morphological features of multiple microdesiccates produced from a single subject displayed striking similarities whereas tear microdesiccates from different healthy subjects displayed consistent differences but shared a common general design. This design may be mostly represented by the occurrence of four distinctive zones, named as zones I, II, III and Transition band. The main features of these zones are described.