A Rare Case of Flexor Tenosynovitis Due to Tuberculosis in Hand and Wrist: a Case Report.

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a worldwide problem. We present a case of flexor tenosynovitis due to tuberculosis in the hand and wrist. A 42-year-old man presented to the outpatient clinic with a 2-year history of a slowly growing mass over the volar aspect of the left wrist. His MRI showed multiple rice bodies in the wrist and hand. An open biopsy was performed. Pathology specimens showed granulomatous lesions with central necrosis. The purified protein derivative (PPD) test was positive. In this case, granulomatous lesions with central necrosis, rice bodies, and positive PPD test confirmed the diagnosis of TB in the wrist and hand. There was no other concurrent evidence of TB elsewhere. Antituberculosis chemotherapy was commenced. Tuberculous tenosynovitis of the wrist and hand is very rare. The tuberculous tenosynovitis should be kept in mind as an infectious agent when patients are presenting with atypical clinical. Key words: tuberculosis, rice bodies, flexor tenosynovitis, wrist, hand.

Comparison of the Efficacy of Different Concentrations of Diclofenac Sodium Phonophoresis (1.16% vs 2.32%) in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: a Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The objective of the present study is to compare the efficacy of two different concentrations of diclofenac sodium phonophoresis (DSPH) (1.16% vs 2.32%) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). MATERIAL AND METHODS A randomized, double-blind, controlled design was applied. Ninety patients (mean age± SD, 59.98 ± 8.89 years) who had Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grades II to III knee OA were randomly allocated into three groups; 1.16% DSPH, 2.32% DSPH, TUS (30 in each group). Each patient was treated five sessions per week for two weeks. A 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS) for usual pain and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) were evaluated before and after treatment in all groups. RESULTS The VAS pain and WOMAC scores were significantly improved after treatment in all groups (p < 0.05). The 2.32% DSPH showed more significant effects than the 1.16% DSPH, both in improving WOMAC- pain and physical function scores (p = 0.020, p = 0.008) and reducing the VAS pain measure, although it did not reach the level of significance (p = 0.077). The 2.32% DSPH was superior to the TUS, both in reducing the VAS pain measure (p < 0.001) and in improving WOMAC-pain, stiffness, physical function and total scores (p = 0.022, p = 0.016, p < 0.001, p < 0.001 respectively). 1.16% DSPH significantly reduced stiffness and physical function scores compared with TUS (p = 0.042, p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS DSPH and TUS are effective treatments for knee OA. Our results indicated that 2.32% DSPH produces additional benefits to functional improvement and pain reduction compared with 1.16% DSPH in K-L grades II to III knee OA. Key words: diclofenac sodium, knee osteoarthritis, phonophoresis, therapeutic ultrasound, topical formulation.

Social interactions impact on the dopaminergic system and drive individuality.

Individuality is a striking feature of animal behavior. Individual animals differ in traits and preferences which shape their interactions and their prospects for survival. However, the mechanisms underlying behavioral individuation are poorly understood and are generally considered to be genetic-based. Here, we devised a large environment, Souris City, in which mice live continuously in large groups. We observed the emergence of individual differences in social behavior, activity levels, and cognitive traits, even though the animals had low genetic diversity (inbred C57BL/6J strain). We further show that the phenotypic divergence in individual behaviors was mirrored by developing differences in midbrain dopamine neuron firing properties. Strikingly, modifying the social environment resulted in a fast re-adaptation of both the animal's traits and its dopamine firing pattern. Individuality can rapidly change upon social challenges, and does not just depend on the genetic status or the accumulation of small differences throughout development.

Nicotinic receptors mediate stress-nicotine detrimental interplay via dopamine cells' activity.

Epidemiological studies report strong association between mood disorders and tobacco addiction. This high comorbidity requires adequate treatment but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We demonstrate that nicotine exposure, independent of drug withdrawal effects, increases stress sensitivity, a major risk factor in mood disorders. Nicotine and stress concur to induce long-lasting cellular adaptations within the dopamine (DA) system. This interplay is underpinned by marked remodeling of nicotinic systems, causing increased ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons' activity and stress-related behaviors, such as social aversion. Blocking ß2 or α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) prevents, respectively, the development and the expression of social stress-induced neuroadaptations; conversely, facilitating α7 nAChRs activation specifically in the VTA promotes stress-induced cellular and behavioral maladaptations. Our work unravels a complex nicotine-stress bidirectional interplay and identifies α7 nAChRs as a promising therapeutic target for stress-related psychiatric disorders.

Role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in regulating dopamine neuron activity.

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons play a central role in a wide range of behaviors, from attention and motivation to motor control and reinforcement. The release of DA is modulated by a number of factors, and its deregulation has been implicated in multiple psychiatric disorders, such as addiction. In particular, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are key modulators of DA cells. Nicotine, the main addictive component in tobacco, strongly interacts with these receptors in the midbrain DA systems, resulting in reinforcing effects that are at the core of tobacco addiction. nAChRs are virtually expressed on every cell of the DA system, both at pre-, post- and extra-synaptic locations. The complex issue of interpreting the role of the large portfolio of different nAChR subtypes expressed on ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) neurons, and especially their role in defining functional DAergic subpopulations, is far from being solved. In this review we will try to provide the reader with an integrative view of the nicotinic modulation of DA neurons and its influence at the cellular, systemic and behavioral levels (exploratory behavior), as well as its implication in the reinforcing effects of nicotine.

Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine reinforcement.

Smoking is the most important preventable cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. This nicotine addiction is mediated through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), expressed on most neurons, and also many other organs in the body. Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types and afferents. Identifying the precise action of nicotine on this microcircuit, in vivo, is important to understand reinforcement, and finally to develop efficient smoking cessation treatments. We used a novel lentiviral system to re-express exclusively high-affinity nAChRs on either dopaminergic (DAergic) or γ-aminobutyric acid-releasing (GABAergic) neurons, or both, in the VTA. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we show that, contrary to widely accepted models, the activation of GABA neurons in the VTA plays a crucial role in the control of nicotine-elicited DAergic activity. Our results demonstrate that both positive and negative motivational values are transmitted through the dopamine (DA) neuron, but that the concerted activity of DA and GABA systems is necessary for the reinforcing actions of nicotine through burst firing of DA neurons. This work identifies the GABAergic interneuron as a potential target for smoking cessation drug development.

Adaptive cerebellar spiking model embedded in the control loop: context switching and robustness against noise.

This work evaluates the capability of a spiking cerebellar model embedded in different loop architectures (recurrent, forward, and forward&recurrent) to control a robotic arm (three degrees of freedom) using a biologically-inspired approach. The implemented spiking network relies on synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation and long-term depression) to adapt and cope with perturbations in the manipulation scenario: changes in dynamics and kinematics of the simulated robot. Furthermore, the effect of several degrees of noise in the cerebellar input pathway (mossy fibers) was assessed depending on the employed control architecture. The implemented cerebellar model managed to adapt in the three control architectures to different dynamics and kinematics providing corrective actions for more accurate movements. According to the obtained results, coupling both control architectures (forward&recurrent) provides benefits of the two of them and leads to a higher robustness against noise.

Crucial role of alpha4 and alpha6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits from ventral tegmental area in systemic nicotine self-administration.

The identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in nicotine addiction and its cognitive consequences is a worldwide priority for public health. Novel in vivo paradigms were developed to match this aim. Although the beta2 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) has been shown to play a crucial role in mediating the reinforcement properties of nicotine, little is known about the contribution of the different alpha subunit partners of beta2 (i.e., alpha4 and alpha6), the homo-pentameric alpha7, and the brain areas other than the ventral tegmental area (VTA) involved in nicotine reinforcement. In this study, nicotine (8.7-52.6 microg free base/kg/inf) self-administration was investigated with drug-naive mice deleted (KO) for the beta2, alpha4, alpha6 and alpha7 subunit genes, their wild-type (WT) controls, and KO mice in which the corresponding nAChR subunit was selectively re-expressed using a lentiviral vector (VEC mice). We show that WT mice, beta2-VEC mice with the beta2 subunit re-expressed exclusively in the VTA, alpha4-VEC mice with selective alpha4 re-expression in the VTA, alpha6-VEC mice with selective alpha6 re-expression in the VTA, and alpha7-KO mice promptly self-administer nicotine intravenously, whereas beta2-KO, beta2-VEC in the substantia nigra, alpha4-KO and alpha6-KO mice do not respond to nicotine. We thus define the necessary and sufficient role of alpha4beta2- and alpha6beta2-subunit containing nicotinic receptors (alpha4beta2*- and alpha6beta2*-nAChRs), but not alpha7*-nAChRs, present in cell bodies of the VTA, and their axons, for systemic nicotine reinforcement in drug-naive mice.

The surgical treatment of supra-intercondylar fractures of the femur.

The authors report their results in the surgical treatment of supra-intercondylar fractures of the femur and compare the efficacy of the different methods used. Their analysis shows that anatomical restoration of the joint line and firm stabilisation of the supracondylar fragments in correct alignment with the metaphysis are the essential aims of surgery capable of producing satisfactory results.

Surgical treatment of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur: biomechanical aspects.

The internal fixation of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur must meet precise mechanical requirements in order to be capable of resisting the considerable bending stresses acting on this part of the body. On the basis of the results obtained in ninety two fractures treated surgically with various fixation devices, the authors analyse the biomechanical characteristics of the various implants in relation to the different types of fractures.

Classification and treatment of intercondyloid fractures of the humerus.

The authors describe the satisfactory results obtained in sixteen intercondyloid fractures of the humerus, thirteen of which were treated surgically. The preference for surgical treatment in such fractures is based in the assumption that, as in all articular fractures, a good functional result can only be achieved if there is the most perfect possible reconstruction of the fragments and the joint surface. A classification is therefore suggested which is based not purely on anatomical criteria, but is also related to treatment and prognosis. The slendor nature of the distal end of the humerus and the danger of metal reaction call for the use of fixation devices that are efficient but slender, such as fine screws and crossed wires. The precise method of fixation is conditioned above all by the direction of the fracture lines. More solid fixation with early mobilisation can be achieved by compression screws, and less solid fixation with longer immobilisation is achieved by fixation with crossed Kirschner wires. Consequently, the more oblique types of fracture with fragments with long beaks that allow more stable fixation with compression screws have the more favourable prognosis. In the evaluation of results, the authors emphasize the importance of using parameters which take into account the functionally useful range of joint movement.