RESUMO
Varicoceles affect approximately 15% of male patients, most of whom have resolution of symptoms and objective findings with microscopic subinguinal varicocelectomy. We present an interesting case of a 16-year-old male patient with persistent symptomatic varicocele despite varicocelectomy and gonadal vein embolization.
Assuntos
Embolização Terapêutica , Radiologia Intervencionista , Cordão Espermático/diagnóstico por imagem , Varicocele/terapia , Adolescente , Humanos , Masculino , Flebografia , Reoperação , Cordão Espermático/cirurgia , Falha de Tratamento , Varicocele/cirurgiaRESUMO
As of 2012, bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer afflicting men and ninth most common cancer in women. Nearly 80% of all bladder cancer diagnoses are non-muscle invasive at presentation, most of whom will develop recurrent disease within 5 years of initial diagnosis. Urinary tumor markers provide a noninvasive method for both screening and surveillance of bladder cancer. This article reviews the current Food and Drug Administration-approved urinary biomarkers for detection of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/urina , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/urina , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Urológico/instrumentação , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Proteínas Nucleares/urina , UrologiaRESUMO
Monitoring gene expression is at the center of research for a wide variety of medical, biological, and biotechnological applications. Currently no method exists for true multiple gene expression monitoring inside of a single living cell that allows for the gene expression profile of the cell to be directly compared with another single living cell. By microinjecting multiple molecular beacons with different fluorophores inside of single breast carcinoma cells and monitoring with advanced fluorescent microscopy, the expression of multiple genes can be simultaneously monitored inside single living cells. Using ratiometric analysis as a basis for the measurements allows the different gene expression levels to be compared from cell to cell. Not only does this allow differentiation of individual mRNA expression levels between multiple single cells but it also allows for mRNA expression trend analysis at the single cell level.