Effect of Kaempferia parviflora extract on knee osteoarthritis.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is becoming more prevalent worldwide due to increases in the numbers of elderly and obese patients. Currently, pharmaceutical medicines used for the treatment of OA are for symptomatic therapy and therefore new therapeutic agents are needed. Kaempferia parviflora (KP) is a plant growing naturally in Southeast Asia and has various pharmacological effects including an anti-inflammatory effect, but no effect on OA has yet been reported. We therefore conducted a search for the effects KP and the active components of KP extract (KPE) exert on OA as well as its mechanism of action. Results from a study of KPE using the monoiodoacetic acid rat OA model revealed that KPE reduced the pain threshold and severity of osteoarthritic cartilage lesions. The mechanism of action and active components were then investigated using IL-1ß-treated human knee-derived chondrocytes. KPE, as well as 5,7-dimethoxyflavone and 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone, which are key constituents of KPE and highly absorbable into the body, reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are the main extracellular matrix enzymes that degrade collagen within cartilage. As mentioned above, KPE acted to suppress OA and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone and 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone were shown to be involved as part of KPE's mechanism that inhibits MMPs.

Efficacy of Kaempferia parviflora in a mouse model of obesity-induced dermatopathy.

Obesity results from excessive energy intake and physical inactivity, and predisposes one to various diseases. One of these reasons is that enlargement of adipocytes raises the lipid metabolic abnormalities that affect various organs. The skin is one such organ, and it has been reported that subcutaneous adipocyte cells secrete various factors and these factors are involved in reduction of dermal collagen fibers and fragility of the skin in obesity. The present study explored the efficacy of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) in preventing obesity-induced dermatopathy. We used Tsumura Suzuki obese diabetes (TSOD) mice as an obesity model. TSOD mice were fed a standard diet (MF) mixed with either an ethanol extract from KP (KPE), polymethoxyflavonoid-rich extract from KP (PMF), or polymethoxyflavonoid-poor extract from KP (X). We then evaluated the effect of these three KP fractions on aging-like skin damage induced by UVB irradiation. KPE and PMF caused a significant decrease of mouse body weight, and suppressed the increase in the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer. In addition, KPE shifted the frequency of subcutaneous adipocyte sizes towards smaller cells possibly via its polypharmacological actions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the stereostructure of the collagenous fibers in the dermis was better retained in the KPE and PMF groups, in that order. These results offer the first evidence that KPE can attenuate obesity-induced dermatopathy more effectively than PMF, suggesting that KPE (or KP) might be a candidate supplement for preventing obesity-related skin disorders.

Effects of ethyl acetate extract of Kaempferia parviflora on brown adipose tissue.

We have previously reported the effects of Kaempferia parviflora (KP), including anti-obesity, preventing various metabolic diseases, and regulating differentiation of white adipose cells. In this study we used Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes (TSOD) mice--an animal model of spontaneous obese type II diabetes--and primary brown preadipocytes to examine the effects of the ethyl acetate extract of KP (KPE) on brown adipose tissue, which is one of the energy expenditure organs. TSOD mice were fed with MF mixed with either KPE 0.3 or 1% for 8 weeks. Computed tomography images showed that whitening of brown adipocytes was suppressed in the interscapular tissue of the KPE group. We also examined mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and ß3-adrenalin receptor (ß3AR) in brown adipose tissue. As a result, mRNA expression of UCP-1 significantly increased in the KPE 1% treatment group, indicating that KPE activated brown adipose tissue. We then evaluated the direct effects of KPE on brown adipocytes using primary brown preadipocytes isolated from interscapular brown adipocytes in ICR mice. Triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation in primary brown preadipocytes was increased by KPE in a dose-dependent manner. Each mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), UCP-1, and ß3AR exhibited an upward trend compared with the control group. Moreover, some polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs), the main compound in KP, also increased TG accumulation. This study therefore showed that KPE enhanced the thermogenesis effect of brown adipocytes as well as promoted the differentiation of brown adipocyte cells.

Insoluble fiber in young barley leaf suppresses the increment of postprandial blood glucose level by increasing the digesta viscosity.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a well-known cereal plant. Young barley leaf is consumed as a popular green-colored drink, which is named "Aojiru" in Japan. We examined the effects of barley leaf powder (BLP) and insoluble fibers derived from BLP on postprandial blood glucose in rats and healthy Japanese volunteers. BLP and insoluble fibers derived from BLP suppressed the increment of postprandial blood glucose levels in rats (P < 0.01), and increased the viscosity of their digesta. The insoluble fibers present in BLP might play a role in controlling blood glucose level by increasing digesta viscosity. In human, BLP suppressed the increment of postprandial blood glucose level only in those which exhibited higher blood glucose levels after meals (P < 0.01). BLP might suppress the increment of postprandial blood glucose level by increasing digesta viscosity in both of rats and humans who require blood glucose monitoring.

Suppressive effect on food intake of a potato extract (Potein®) involving cholecystokinin release in rats.

We have recently reported that oral gavage of a potato extract (Potein®) suppressed the food intake in rats. The satiating effect of the potato extract was compared in the present study to other protein sources, and the involvement of endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion was examined. Food consumption was measured in 18-h fasted rats after oral gavage of the potato extract or other protein sources. The CCK-releasing activity of the potato extract was then examined in anesthetized rats with a portal cannula. Oral gavage of the potato extract reduced the food intake in the rats, the effect being greater than with casein and a soybean ß-conglycinin hydrolysate. The suppressive effect on appetite of the potato extract was attenuated by treating with a CCK-receptor antagonist (devazepide). The portal CCK concentration was increased after a duodenal administration of the potato extract to anesthetized rats. These results indicate that the potato extract suppressed the food intake in rats through CCK secretion.

Genes for difference in eosinophilic phenotype between MES and BN.MES-Cyba(mes) rats are on chromosomes 9, 5, and 1.

The Matsumoto Eosinophilia Shinshu (MES) rat strain develops hereditary blood eosinophilia due to the mutant Cyba(mes) gene. In contrast, BN.MES-Cyba(mes) congenic rats, in which the mutant Cyba(mes) gene introduced into the background of the BN strain, have a normal blood eosinophil level despite showing robust proliferation of eosinophils in the bone marrow. However, the congenic rats manifest focal necrosis with eosinophilic infiltration in the liver, a phenotype rarely observed in the original MES rat strain. To elucidate the genetic basis for the strain differences, (MES × BN.MES-Cyba(mes))F(2) rats were bred, and genetic analyses of phenotypes for eosinophilia were performed. Blood and bone marrow eosinophil levels in the F(2) rats showed broad distributions, suggesting that the traits were under the influence of multiple genes. Genetic association studies revealed that BN-derived marker loci on chromosomes 9 and 5 were responsible for the increase in eosinophil level in the bone marrow, decrease in blood eosinophil level, and the induction of focal necrosis with eosinophilic infiltration in the liver. The BN-derived allele of the marker gene on chromosome 1 was responsible for the decrease of both bone marrow and blood eosinophil levels. These data suggest the existence of genes characterizing/distinguishing the eosinophilic phenotypes of MES and BN.MES-Cyba(mes) on these chromosomes, and form the basis for positional cloning studies of the genes. These studies will advance the understanding of the mechanisms involved in eosinophil mobilization from the bone marrow and recruitment to the organs.

BN.MES-Cyba(mes) congenic rats manifest focal necrosis with eosinophilic infiltration in the liver without blood eosinophilia.

The Matsumoto Eosinophilia Shinshu (MES) rat strain develops hereditary blood eosinophilia and eosinophil-related inflammatory lesions in organs due to the mutant Cyba(mes) gene. We hypothesized that a new eosinophilia model with a different phenotype could be established by changing the genetic background of rats. We bred and characterized a congenic strain, in which the mutant Cyba(mes) gene was introduced into the background of a BN strain (BN.MES-Cyba(mes)). The congenic rats showed robust proliferation of eosinophils in the bone marrow. Nonetheless, blood eosinophil levels of the rats remained within the normal range. In addition, the rats manifested focal necrosis with eosinophilic infiltration in the liver, a phenotype rarely observed in the original MES rat strain. These results imply the presence of genetic polymorphisms between MES and BN strains which modulate the mobilization of eosinophils to the peripheral circulation and organs. The newly established BN.MES-Cyba(mes) congenic rat strain, together with the original MES strain, will provide useful models for elucidating the molecular genetic mechanisms involved in the development and trafficking of eosinophils.

Mouse senile amyloid fibrils deposited in skeletal muscle exhibit amyloidosis-enhancing activity.

Amyloidosis describes a group of protein folding diseases in which amyloid proteins are abnormally deposited in organs and/or tissues as fine fibrils. Mouse senile amyloidosis is a disorder in which apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) deposits as amyloid fibrils (AApoAII) and can be transmitted from one animal to another both by the feces and milk excreted by mice with amyloidosis. Thus, mouse AApoAII amyloidosis has been demonstrated to be a "transmissible disease". In this study, to further characterize the transmissibility of amyloidosis, AApoAII amyloid fibrils were injected into transgenic Apoa2(c)Tg(+/-) and normal R1.P1-Apoa2(c) mice to induce AApoAII systemic amyloidosis. Two months later, AApoAII amyloid deposits were found in the skeletal muscles of amyloid-affected mice, primarily in the blood vessels and in the interstitial tissues surrounding muscle fibers. When amyloid fibrils extracted from the skeletal muscles were subjected to Western blot analysis, apoA-II was detected. Amyloid fibril fractions isolated from the muscles not only demonstrated the structure of amyloid fibrils but could also induce amyloidosis in young mice depending on its fibril conformation. These findings present a possible pathogenesis of amyloidosis: transmission of amyloid fibril conformation through muscle, and shed new light on the etiology involved in amyloid disorders.

Mouse model to study human A beta2M amyloidosis: generation of a transgenic mouse with excessive expression of human beta2-microglobulin.

Patients on long-term hemodialysis can develop dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA) due to deposition of beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m) into amyloid fibrils (Abeta(2)M). Despite intensive biochemical studies, the pathogenesis of amyloid deposition in DRA patients remains poorly understood. To elucidate the mechanisms that underlie Abeta(2)M fibril formation in DRA, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress human beta(2)m protein in a mouse beta(2)m gene knockout background (hB2MTg(+/+) mB2m(+/+)). The hB2MTg(+/+)mB2m(-/-) mice express a high level of human beta(2)m protein in many tissues as well as a high plasma beta(2)m concentration (192.8 mg/L). This concentration is >100 times higher than that observed in healthy humans and >4 times higher than that detected in patients on dialysis. We examined spontaneous and amyloid fibril-induced amyloid deposition in these mice. Amyloid deposition of beta(2)m protein was not observed in aged or amyloid fibril injected animals. However, mouse senile apolipoprotein A-II amyloidosis (AApoAII) was detected, particularly in the joints of mice that were injected with AApoAII amyloid fibrils. This study demonstrates that this mouse model could be valuable in studying the components and conditions that promote DRA, and indicates that high plasma concentrations of hbeta(2)m as well as seeding with pre-existing amyloid fibrils may not be sufficient to induce Abeta(2)M.

Pivotal Advance: Eosinophilia in the MES rat strain is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the gene for cytochrome b(-245), alpha polypeptide (Cyba).

MES is a rat strain that spontaneously develops severe blood eosinophilia as a hereditary trait. Herein, we report that eosinophilia in MES rats is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the gene for cytochrome b(-245), alpha polypeptide (Cyba; also known as p22(phox)), which is an essential component of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase complex. The MES rat has a deletion of four nucleotides, including the 5' splice donor GpT of intron 4 of the Cyba gene. As a consequence of the deletion, a 51-nucleotide sequence of intron 4 is incorporated into the Cyba transcripts. Leukocytes from the MES strain lack both CYBA protein and NADPH oxidase activity. Nevertheless, unlike patients with chronic granulomatous disease, who suffer from infections with pathogens due to similar genetic defects in NADPH oxidase, MES rats retain normal innate immune defense against Staphylococcus aureus infection. This is due to large quantities of peritoneal eosinophils in MES rats, which phagocytose and kill the bacteria. MES rat has a balance defect due to impaired formation of otoconia in the utricles and saccules. Eosinophilia of the MES rat was normalized by introduction of a normal Cyba transgene. The mechanisms by which impairment of NADPH oxidase leads to eosinophilia in the MES rat are elusive. However, our study highlights the essential role of NADPH oxidase in homeostatic regulation of innate immunity beyond conventional microbicidial functions.

Senescence-Accelerated Mouse (SAM) strains have a spontaneous mutation in the Abcb1a gene.

Senescence-Accelerated Mouse (SAM) strains are used as animal models for gerontological research. Here, we report that the SAMR1 strain, which shows a high sensitivity to toxicity of the parasiticide ivermectin, has a spontaneous retroviral insertional mutation in the ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 1A (Abcb1a) gene. This mutation is identical to that found in Crl:CF1-Abcb1a mice, which are also highly sensitive to ivermectin due to the mutation. The mutant Abcb1a allele was found in SAMR4, SAMR5, SAMP1, SAMP6, SAMP7, and SAMP9, but not in SAMP3, SAMP8, SAMP10, SAMP11, and other outbred and inbred strains, including 129/SvJ strains. These results impart both caution and promise in the use of SAM strains in studies of biological processes in which P-glycoprotein participates.

Fecal transmission of AA amyloidosis in the cheetah contributes to high incidence of disease.

AA amyloidosis is one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), which are in danger of extinction, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Given the transmissible characteristics of AA amyloidosis, transmission between captive cheetahs may be a possible mechanism involved in the high incidence of AA amyloidosis. In this study of animals with AA amyloidosis, we found that cheetah feces contained AA amyloid fibrils that were different from those of the liver with regard to molecular weight and shape and had greater transmissibility. The infectious activity of fecal AA amyloid fibrils was reduced or abolished by the protein denaturants 6 M guanidine.HCl and formic acid or by AA immunodepletion. Thus, we propose that feces are a vehicle of transmission that may accelerate AA amyloidosis in captive cheetah populations. These results provide a pathogenesis for AA amyloidosis and suggest possible measures for rescuing cheetahs from extinction.

Cross-seeding and cross-competition in mouse apolipoprotein A-II amyloid fibrils and protein A amyloid fibrils.

Murine senile [apolipoprotein A-II amyloid (AApoAII)] and reactive [protein A amyloid (AA)] amyloidosis are reported to be transmissible diseases via a seeding mechanism similar to that observed in the prion-associated disorders, although de novo amyloidogenesis and the progression of AApoAII or AA amyloidosis remain unclear. We examined the effect of co-injection of AApoAII and AA fibrils and multiple inflammatory stimuli in R1.P1-Apoa2(c) mice with the amyloidogenic Apoa2(c) allele. Both AApoAII and AA amyloidosis could be induced in this system, but the two types of amyloid fibrils preferentially promote the formation of the same type of fibrils while inhibiting the formation of the other. Furthermore, we demonstrate that AA or AApoAII amyloidosis could be cross-seeded by predeposited AApoAII or AA fibrils and that the predeposited amyloid fibrils were degraded when the fibril formation was reduced or stopped. In addition, a large proportion of the two amyloid fibrils colocalized during the formation of new fibrils in the spleen and liver. Thus, we propose that AApoAII and AA can both cross-seed and cross-compete with regard to amyloid formation, depending on the stage of amyloidogenesis. These results will aid in the clarification of the mechanisms of pathogenesis and progression of amyloid disorders.

Amyloidosis in transgenic mice expressing murine amyloidogenic apolipoprotein A-II (Apoa2c).

In mice, apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) self-associates to form amyloid fibrils (AApoAII) in an age-associated manner. We postulated that the two most important factors in apoA-II amyloidosis are the Apoa2(c) allele, which codes for the amyloidogenic protein APOA2C (Gln5, Ala38) and transmission of amyloid fibrils. To characterize further the contribution of the Apoa2(c) allele to amyloidogenesis and improve detection of amyloidogenic materials, we established transgenic mice that overexpress APOA2C protein under the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early gene (CMV-IE) enhancer/chicken beta promoter. Compared to transgene negative (Tg(-/-)) mice that express apoA-II protein mainly in the liver, mice homozygous (Tg(+/+)) and heterozygous (Tg(+/-)) for the transgene express a high level of apoA-II protein in many tissues. They also have higher plasma concentrations of apoA-II, higher ratios of ApoA-II/apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) and higher concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Following injection of AApoAII fibrils into Tg(+/+) mice, amyloid deposition was observed in the testis, liver, kidney, heart, lungs, spleen, tongue, stomach and intestine but not in the brain. In Tg(+/+) mice, but not in Tg(-/-) mice, amyloid deposition was induced by injection of less than 10(-8) mug AApoAII fibrils. Furthermore, deposition in Tg(+/+) mice occurred more rapidly and to a greater extent than in Tg(-/-) mice. These studies indicate that increased levels of APOA2C protein lead to earlier and greater amyloid deposition and enhanced sensitivity to the transmission of amyloid fibrils in transgenic mice. This transgenic mouse model should prove valuable for studies of amyloidosis.