Role of topical oxytocin in improving vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Prospective randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of topical oxytocin gel to improve vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 140 postmenopausal women presenting with vaginal atrophy and who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomized into two groups each of 70 patients; they received intravaginal oxytocin gel or placebo gel for 30 days. Serum estrogen level, visual, colposcopic and histological vaginal examination were performed before and after treatment. RESULTS: Forty-seven out of 70 women in the oxytocin gel group improved after treatment and none in the placebo group (p = 0.001). Forty-five participants in the oxytocin group and seven in the placebo group reported relief of dyspareunia (p = 0.001). Thirty-four participants in the oxytocin group and seven in the placebo group reported relief of soreness (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the circulating levels of estradiol in both groups before and after treatment (p = 0.4 and 0.6 for the oxytocin group and the placebo group, respectively). CONCLUSION: Oxytocin gel is useful in the restoration of the vaginal epithelium in cases of postmenopausal atrophic vaginitis. Further studies with a longer follow-up period are required to test the long-term effects of oxytocin as a treatment for vaginal atrophy.

Pathogenesis of Photobacterium damselae subspecies infections in sea bass and sea bream.

Photobacterium damselae is a Gram negative bacterium causes photobacteriosis, a worldwide septicemic disease in aquaculture including sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata). The pathogenicity of bacterial subspecies and the disease pathological changes in natural and experimental infections have thus far yielded inconsistency of effective preventive measures. This study aimed to represent a comprehensive analysis of the potential pathogenic capacities of the two subspecies of P. damselae in cultured sea bass and sea bream in the Northwestern region of Egypt. Diseased 321 sea bass and 257 sea bream, in addition to 99 healthy sea bass fingerlings were sampled from three farms located along the Mediterranean Sea. P. damselae subspecies were isolated from diseased fish and characterized using bacteriological, molecular, and antimicrobial susceptibility methods. Healthy fish were challenged by a virulent P. damselae subsp. piscicida, monitored for disease signs and mortality, and the histopathological abnormalities and hematological disorders were carried out. Clinical signs and gross lesions in naturally infected sea bass and sea bream showed great similarities with absence of a subspecies-specific characteristic sign or lesion. The two subspecies were recovered through the entire year from individual fish sample, suggests a coexistence of two subspecies endemic infection. In diseased sea bass, 38.32% and 16.20% were positive for P. damselae subsp. piscicida and subsp. damselae, respectively. However in diseased sea bream, 44.47% and 26.46% were positive for P. damselae subsp. piscicida and subsp. damselae, respectively. High mortalities and devastating clinicopathologic abnormalities represented by sever clinical signs, hematological disorders and histological abnormalities strengthen the pathogenicity of P. damselae subspecies in the two fish species and therefore, a vaccination strategy against both subspecies should be taken into account.