¿Son la ocupación y la educación intercambiables como indicadores sociales en salud comunitaria? Un estudio en población ocupada / ¿Are education and occupation interchangeable as social indicators in community health? a study on employed people

Objetivo. Los estudios epidemiológicos y las intervenciones para reducir las desigualdades en salud en la comunidad requieren la asignación de indicadores socioeconómicos exhaustivos y fáciles de obtener. Dos de los más utilizados son la ocupación y la educación. En este estudio pretendemos evaluar la asociación entre educación y ocupación en población adulta ocupada, por si, en ausencia de una variable, fuera posible utilizar la otra con la menor pérdida posible de información sobre nivel socioeconómico. Diseño. A partir de una muestra representativa (n = 3.091) de población general (18-65 años), tomada de una encuesta de prevalencia sobre factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas realizada en la Región de Murcia, se ha realizado un análisis (log)lineal entre educación y ocupación en la población ocupada (65,8 por ciento varones y 34,2 por ciento mujeres de la muestra total). Resultados. Los varones presentan una asociación significativa entre las posiciones directivas y la educación universitaria. La asociación se reduce entre la ocupación en tareas administrativas y la categoría de estudios secundarios, para incrementarse en los trabajadores manuales con estudios primarios o sin estudios. En las mujeres, con un menor número de efectivos, la asociación educación-ocupación describe el mismo patrón, incluso con mayor magnitud en las asociaciones entre las clases directivas y el nivel educativo universitario. En varones y mujeres las mayores asociaciones se encuentran en ambas diagonales de las tablas de educación por ocupación, indicando: a mejor ocupación, mayor educación, y lo contrario. Conclusión. La clasificación de la gente con trabajo de acuerdo con la educación y la ocupación presenta: asociación, consistencia interna y gradiente. En ausencia de información exhaustiva sobre ocupación, la educación puede ser una alternativa como indicador de nivel socioeconómico (AU)

[Are occupation and education interchangeable as social indicators in community health? A study in an employed population]. / Son la ocupación y la educación intercambiables como indicadores sociales en salud comunitaria? Un estudio en población ocupada.

OBJECTIVE: Epidemiological studies and interventions to reduce inequalities in community health require the assignation of exhaustive and easy-to-obtain social indicators. Occupation and education are two of the most often used. In this study we attempt to evaluate the association between education and occupation among adult working population because if, in the absence of one of these two variables, it will be feasible to use the remaining with the lesser lost of socio-economic information. DESIGN: From a representative sample (n = 3091) of general population (18-65 years old) drawn out from a prevalence survey on chronic disease risk factors performed in the Region of Murcia, a log-lineal analysis has been made between education and occupation among working people (65.8% of males and 34.2% of females from the original sample). RESULTS: Men present significant association between managerial positions and university education. The association drops between clerks and high school graduates to increase among all manual workers with or without primary schooling education. Among women--with a lesser number of participants--the education/occupation association describes the same pattern but with higher magnitudes in the positive associations between managerial positions and university education. For both genders, the greatest associations are found in both diagonals of the education by occupation tables indicating: better occupation, more education, and the opposite. CONCLUSIONS: The classification of working people according to education and occupation presents association, internal consistency and gradient. In absence of comprehensive information regarding occupation, education could be an alternative as socio-economic indicator.

[Cardiovascular risk factors in the region of Murcia, Spain]. / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la región de Murcia, España.

BACKGROUND: The Region of Murcia is an area, within the Spanish context, of high coronary and stroke mortality. Moreover, the trend in ischaemic heart disease mortality, decreasing for almost all geographical Spanish areas, has suffered in Murcia a slight increase during the period 1985-1991. In this study the population prevalences to different cardiovascular risk factors are evaluated. METHODS: Survey of a random sample of adult population (aged 18-65) with a response rate of 61%. Standardised measurement of arterial blood pressure, obesity and serum lipids besides a questionnaire of tobacco consume, physical activity and diabetes. Presentation of standardised results for overall age groups and for the truncated 35-64 age group. The field work were from november 1991 to march 1993. RESULTS: Tobacco smoking prevalence rises up to 54.4% in men and 31.3% in women. Figures for hypertension are less favourable in men (32.3% prevalence, 16.4% treatment, 2.6% hypertension control among all hypertensives, and 15.6% control among only treated hypertensives) that among women (23.7%, 34.3%, 9.5% y 27.8%, respectively). The average serum concentrations of cholesterol are low in both sexes, as high are the HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Mean Body Mass Index is 26.7 for both sexes, although women present wider variability in the measurements. The prevalence of self informed diabetes is around 3-4%. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing these figures, for the corresponding age groups, with those offered by the MONICA study and with other studies on Spanish adult population it is possible to observe that, exception made for the high tobacco consumption and Body Mass Index seen in the Region of Murcia, the overall figures of cardiovascular risk factors are located in the lowest end of the distribution of MONICA centres ranked according their prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. It might exist, therefore, differences in the management of the coronary patient that could explain at least part of the unfavourable coronary heart mortality trends observed in the Region of Murcia.

[Validity of a questionnaire on recent physical activity]. / Validez de un cuestionario de actividad física reciente.

This study aims to validate a frequency questionnaire for categorically ranking people according to recent physical activity (PA) (previous two weeks), applicable to both sexes. Seven one-day PA records were collected for 30 males and 32 females during two weeks. After, the frequency questionnaire was administered covering the same period. The differences (paired-test) between the means obtained by both methods were globally significant for females and for some subgroups of activities in both sexes. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between both methods was 0.78 for males and 0.65 for females. The degree of agreement among methods classifying the subjects on terciles of total PA was lower in males (weighted kappa kw = 0.35, p < 0.06) than in females (KW = 0.52, p < 0.004). Although the study size prevents to infer definitive conclusions, the questionnaire performs better when measuring basic, occupational and total PA than leisure time PA. Its use as a way of ranking individuals in three categories (terciles) of total PA will produce an approximated degree of misclassification of 30% in the lowest tercile of males meanwhile this degree will not go far beyond than 10% for other categories in both sexes.