Hyaluronidase following buccal infiltrations of articaine with epinephrine for anesthesia of mandibular first molars: A split-mouth, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.

Background: Adjunctive hyaluronidase has been widely used for ophthalmic anesthesia; however, in Dentistry, very few studies are available so far. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate anesthetic outcomes of adjunctive hyaluronidase administration following buccal infiltration of articaine with epinephrine for anesthesia of mandibular first molars. Material and Methods: Twenty-eight patients received a buccal supraperiosteal infiltration of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine for anesthesia of the mandibular first molars, in a split-mouth approach. Afterward, randomly and using the same technique, they received either 1.0 mL of hyaluronidase (150 UTR/mL) or a placebo solution. Considering patients' pain perceptions provoked by electric and mechanical stimulations, as well as using a pain scale, success rate, action onset time, duration of both pulpal and soft tissue anesthesia, and pain immediately after both punctures and on the 2nd day were assessed. Results: The pulpal anesthetic success rate was 85.7% for hyaluronidase and placebo groups. Soft tissue anesthesia showed a shorter action onset time and a longer duration when hyaluronidase was used; however, there was no difference between the groups regarding action onset time and duration of pulpal anesthesia. Pain at the puncture sites did not differ between the groups, regardless of the time point evaluated. Conclusions: Adjunctive hyaluronidase following buccal infiltration of articaine with epinephrine for mandibular first molars seems not to provide any advantage in anesthetic outcomes in which the nerve fibers are intraosseous (i.e., pulpal anesthesia). On the other hand, soft tissue anesthesia may be improved substantially by using this pharmacological strategy. Key words:Hyaluronidase, local anesthesia, dentistry.

Análisis de los niveles de cortisol salival y α-amilasa en cirugía del tercer molar / Analysis of salivary cortisol and α-amylase levels in third molar surgery / Análise dos níveis de cortisol salivar e α-amilase em cirurgia de terceiro molar

Los procedimientos dentales implican una alta situación de estrés y ansiedad. Objetivos: Verificar una asociación de ansiedad dental medida por la Escala de ansiedad dental modificada (EADM), con variaciones de los niveles de cortisol salival (sC) y de α-amilasa (sAA) en pacientes sometidos a cirugía del tercer molar. Materiales y métodos: Treinta y dos pacientes fueron seleccionados en la Clínica Odontológica de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de São Paulo. EADM se logró en la primera consulta. Se recogieron muestras de saliva durante la entrevista, el día de la cirugía y las visitas de seguimiento postoperatorio a intervalos de una semana a la misma hora. Tres pacientes clasificados como ansiosos y cuatro que informaron un evento traumático previo se reunieron en un grupo. Resultados: No hubo diferencia entre este grupo y el grupo no ansioso al comparar el sexo y el dolor. Los niveles de sC (KW, p = 0,65) y sAA (KW, p = 0,69) en tres días no fueron diferentes en relación con el género. Los niveles de sAA aumentaron en la cirugía de día al comparar pacientes ansiosos / con eventos y no ansiosos, mientras que los niveles de sC fueron más altos durante la entrevista y el seguimiento postoperatorio. Conclusión: La ansiedad dental y el evento traumático dental previo mostraron una producción marcada de niveles de sC y sAA en relación con sus contrapartes en esta situación. La relación subjetiva y objetiva de ansiedad dental necesita más investigaciones.

Dental procedures involve high situation of stress and anxiety. Objectives: To verify an association of dental anxiety mea-sured by Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), with variations of salivary cortisol (sC) and salivary α-amylase (sAA) levels in patients undergoing third molar surgery. Materials and Methods: Thirty two patients were selected in Clínica Odontológica of Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo. MDAS was accomplished in first query. Saliva samples were collected during interview, on surgery day and postoperative follow-up visits at intervals of one week at the same hour. Three patients classified as anxious, and four who reported prior traumatic event were gathered in a group. Re-sults: There was no difference between this group and the non-anxious group when comparing gender and pain. sC levels (KW, p = 0.65) and sAA (KW, p = 0.69) on three days weren't different in relation to gender. Levels of sAA increased in day surgery when comparing anxious/ event and non-anxious patients, while sC levels were higher during interview and postoperative follow up. Conclusion: Dental anxiety and previous dental traumatic event showed marked production of sC and sAA levels in relation to their counterparts in this situation. Subjective and objective dental anxiety relationship needs further investigations.

Procedimentos odontológicos envolvem uma alta situação de estresse e ansiedade. Objetivos: Verificar a associação da ansiedade odontológica medida pela Escala Modificada de Ansiedade Dental (EMAD), com variações dos níveis de cortisol salivar (sC) e α-amilase salivar (sAA) em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de terceiro molar. Materiais e Métodos: Trinta e dois pacientes foram selecionados na Clínica Odontológica da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo. O EMAD foi realizado na primeira consulta. As amostras de saliva foram coletadas durante a entrevista, no dia da cirurgia e no acompanhamento pós-operatório em intervalos de uma semana na mesma hora. Três pacientes classificados como ansiosos e quatro que relataram evento traumático prévio foram reunidos em um grupo. Resultados: Não houve diferença entre esse grupo e o grupo não ansioso ao comparar sexo e dor. Os níveis sC (KW, p = 0,65) e sAA (KW, p = 0,69) em três dias não diferiram em relação ao sexo. Os níveis de sAA aumentaram em cirurgias diurnas quando comparados pacientes ansiosos / evento e não ansiosos, enquanto os níveis sC foram maiores durante a entrevista e acompanhamento pós-opera-tório. Conclusão: A ansiedade odontológica e o evento traumático dentário prévio mostraram marcada produção de níveis de sC e sAA em relação a suas contrapartes nessa situação. Relação de ansiedade dental subjetiva e objetiva precisa de mais investigações.

Cardiovascular effects of combined hyaluronidase and mepivacaine in dental anesthesia: A randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of combined administration of mepivacaine with epinephrine and the diffusion agent hyaluronidase on hemodynamic and electrocardiographic parameters in healthy individuals undergoing dental surgery. METHODS: In a double-blind, split-mouth, randomized clinical trial, the cardiovascular effects induced by 2.7 mL of 2% mepivacaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine injected concomitantly with 1 mL of 75 TRU/mL hyaluronidase or placebo for inferior alveolar nerve block was evaluated in systemically healthy subjects that underwent bilateral third molar extraction in two separate sessions. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were monitored using oscillometric and photoplethysmographic methods in 10 clinical stages, while electrocardiographic records of 12 leads were obtained in four stages. RESULTS: Hyaluronidase injected concomitantly with local anesthetic did not induce changes in blood pressure and heart rate compared to placebo. There were no instances of ST segment depression or elevation, or wide or narrow QRS complex extrasystoles in ECG. The use of mepivacaine injected concomitantly with 75 TRU/mL hyaluronidase was safe, from a cardiovascular standpoint.

A study of effectiveness of midazolam sedation for prevention of myocardial arrhythmias in endosseous implant placement.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to assess electrocardiographic alterations during oral implant placement surgeries under local anesthesia (lidocaine chlorhydrate with epinephrine), using 15 mg of midazolam as an anxiolytic premedication. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study randomly selected 20 patients, aged 21-50 years old, requiring bilateral mandibular dental implants. Each patient was assessed using placebo on one side and midazolam on the contralateral side, with random, double-blinded distribution. The electrocardiogram recorded 12 static leads every 2 min, while D2 derivations were recorded continuously. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed between the placebo and midazolam when analyzing the morphological behavior of the electrocardiographic wave and the presence of arrhythmias during the experiment. However, under sedation, assessment of the behavior of electrocardiographic parameters during different stages of the procedure revealed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) for heart rate, P-wave amplitude and duration of the RR and QTc intervals. The arrhythmias detected were considered low risk for patients without systemic alterations and were observed in 53.3% of patients. The most frequently occurring alterations were tachycardia, bradycardia, supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles and blocked atrial extrasystole, which were similar for both placebo and midazolam, with the greatest incidence during the initial, incision and bone drilling stages. CONCLUSION: The use of 15 mg of midazolam made no difference compared with the placebo. The use of 15 mg of midazolam did not show an advantage in the incidence of arrhythmias The anxiolytic premedication does not prevent myocardial arrhythmias in endosseous implant placement. The clinical significance of the arrhythmias may not represent serious risks.

Uso de hialuronidase 75 UTR/ml concomitante à mepivacaína associada à epinefrina em bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior: estudo hemodinâmico e eletrocardiográfico / Use of hyaluronidase 75 TRU/ml concomitantly with mepivacaine associated epinephrine and inferior alveolar nerve block: hemodynamic and electrocardiographic study

Dentre os adjuvantes para os anestésicos locais (AL), a enzima hialuronidase tem seu uso consagrado na anestesia oftalmológica como difusor do AL. É utilizada para melhorar a eficácia clínica e prolongar a anestesia como alternativa aos anestésicos locais de longa duração em pacientes com comprometimento sistêmico. Este estudo duplo-cego e controlado avaliou os efeitos cardiovasculares induzidos por 3,6 ml de anestésico local (AL) cloridrato de mepivacaína 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000 concomitantemente à hialuronidase 75 UTR/ml ou placebo (veiculo), em bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior para realização de cirurgia de terceiros molares inferiores bilaterais e simétricos, em 20 pacientes. Foi realizada apenas uma cirurgia por consulta, no mesmo horário e operador. Os parâmetros cardiovasculares pressão sistólica (PS), diastólica (PD), média (PM) e freqüência cardíaca (FC) foram monitorados através de método oscilométrico e fotopletismográfico, em 10 etapas clínicas. Os registros eletrocardiográficos (ECG) das 12 derivações foram obtidos em 4 etapas: (T1) basal; (T2) anestésico local; (T3), 5 min. do AL; (T4) após a cirurgia. Foram avaliadas no ECG as seguintes variáveis: frequência cardíaca, duração do intervalo PR , duração do complexo QRS, duração do segmento QT corrigido. A hialuronidase injetada concomitantemente com o anestésico local (AL) não induziu alterações nas PS, PD, PM e FC (p>0,01, n=20) comparada ao placebo, mas houve alteração (p>0,01) na PS e FC na interação tempo x fármacos. Não foram observadas alterações eletrocardiográficas (n=18) consideradas de importância clínica como: infradesnivelamento do segmento ST, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, extrassístoles de complexo QRS largo e extrassístoles de complexo QRS estreito. O uso do anestésico local injetado concomitante à hialuronidase 75 UTR/ml mostrou-se seguro para esta dose e via de administração.

Among the adjuvants to local anesthetics (LA), the enzyme hyaluronidase has its consecrated in ophthalmic anesthesia as a diffuser (spread) of the LA. It is used to improve the clinical efficacy and prolong anesthesia as an alternative to long lasting local anesthetics in patients with systemic involvement. This double-blind, controlled trial evaluated the cardiovascular effects induced by 3.6 ml of local anesthetic (LA) 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride with epinephrine 1:100,000 concomitantly with hyaluronidase 75 TRU/ml or placebo (vehicle) in blocking inferior alveolar nerve for performing third molar surgery bilateral and symmetrical in 20 patients. Surgery was performed only one by appointment, at the same time and operator. The cardiovascular parameters systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored using the oscillometric method and photoplethysmography in 10 clinical stages. Records electrocardiographic (ECG) of 12 leads were obtained in four steps: (T1) baseline, (T2) local anesthetic, (T3), 5 mim AL, (T4) after surgery. ECG were evaluated in the following variables: heart rate, duration of PR segment, duration of the complex QRS, duration of the corrected QT interval. Hyaluronidase injected concomitantly with local anesthetic did not induce changes in the SBP, DBP, MBP, and HR (p> 0.01, n = 20) compared to placebo, except in the interaction between steps and drugs (p<0.01) for SBP and HR. There were no ECG changes (n = 18) considered of clinical importance as ST segment depression, ST segment elevation, extrasystoles wide QRS complex and extrasystoles of narrow QRS complex. The use of local anesthetic injected concomitantly with hyaluronidase 75 TRU/ml was safe at this dose and route of administration.

Alterações eletrocardiográficas em cirurgias para a colocação de implantes dentários sob anestesia local e pré-medicação ansiolítica / Electrocardiographic changes during oral implant surgeries under local anesthesia and sedative premedicantion

A significância clínica dos achados eletrocardiográficos para pacientes sem histórico de doença cardiovascular é pequeno ou inexistente; porém, em pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares poderia justificar o uso de monitoração contínua, incluindo uso de eletrocardiograma, além de terapêutica comportamental ou medicamentosa para certos procedimentos odontológicos com níveis de estresse moderado a elevado. Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação das alterações eletrocardiográficas em cirurgias para a colocação de implantes dentários sob anestesia local com cloridrato de lidocaína 2% associado a epinefrina e uso de pré-medicação ansiolítica, com 15 mg de midazolam. O estudo foi realizado em 15 pacientes ASA I, com necessidade de implantes dentários, bilaterais em mandíbula. O estudo foi comparativo com placebo administrado aleatoriamente, duplo-cego uma hora antes do procedimento. O eletrocardiograma registrou 12 derivações estáticas a cada 2 minutos e o registro da derivação D2 de maneira contínua, avaliando a presença de arritmias durante o experimento. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre os grupos estudados. Foram observadas arritmias em 53,3% dos pacientes. As arritmias encontradas foram a taquicardia e a bradicardia sinusal, as extra-sístoles supraventriculares, ventriculares e a extra-sístole atrial bloqueada, em ambos os grupos de maneira semelhante, com maior incidência nas fases início e perfuração. As arritmias encontradas foram consideradas de baixo risco para pacientes sem comprometimento sistêmico. Concluiu-se que o uso de 15 mg de midazolam não apresentou diferença quando comparado ao placebo. As arritmias mais freqüentes foram as extra-sístoles e as taquicardias sinusais.