Net costs of breast cancer in Colombia: a cost-of-illness study based on administrative claims databases.

BACKGROUND: Breast Cancer (BC) is associated with substantial costs of healthcare; however, real-world data regarding these costs in Colombia is scarce. The contributory regime provides healthcare services to formal workers and their dependents and covers almost half of the population in Colombia. This study aims to describe the net costs of healthcare in women with BC covered by the contributory regime in Colombia in 2019 from the perspective of the Colombian Health System. METHODS: The main data source was the Capitation Sufficiency Database, an administrative database that contains patient-level data on consumption of services included in the National Formulary (PBS, in Spanish Plan de Beneficios en Salud). Data on consumption of services not included in the PBS (non-PBS) were calculated using aggregated data from MIPRES database. All direct costs incurred by prevalent cases of BC, from January 1 to December 31, 2019, were included in the analysis. The net costs of the disease were estimated by multiplying the marginal cost and the expected number of cases with BC by region and age group. Marginal costs were defined as the costs of services delivered to patients with BC after subtracting the expected costs of health services due to age, comorbidity burden or region of residence. To calculate these costs, we used Propensity Score Matching in the main analysis. All costs were expressed in 2019 international dollars. Productivity losses, transportation expenses, and caregiving costs were not included. RESULTS: A total of 46,148 patients with BC were identified. Total net costs were $387 million (95% CI $377 to $396 million), 60% associated with non-PBS services. Marginal costs were $8,366 (95% Confidence Interval $8,170 to $8,573), with substantial variations between regions age groups (from $3,919 for older patients in the Amazonia region to $10,070 for younger patients in the Pacific region). The costs for PBS services were higher for ambulatory services and for patients who died during 2020. CONCLUSIONS: BC imposes a substantial economic burden for the Colombian Health System with important variations in net costs between regions and age groups. Patients near death and ambulatory services were associated with higher costs of healthcare.

Transfusing children with sickle cell disease using blood group genotyping when the pool of Black donors is limited.

BACKGROUND: Red blood cell transfusion is an effective treatment for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Alloimmunization can occur after a single transfusion, limiting further usage of blood transfusion. It is recommended to match for the ABO, D, C, E, and K antigens to reduce risks of alloimmunization. However, availability of compatible blood units can be challenging for blood providers with a limited number of Black donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A prospective cohort of 205 pediatric patients with SCD was genotyped for the RH and FY genes. Transfusion and alloimmunization history were collected. Our capacity to find RhCE-matched donors was evaluated using a database of genotyped donors. RESULTS: Nearly 9.8% of patients carried a partial D variant and 5.9% were D-. Only 45.9% of RHCE alleles were normal, with the majority of variants affecting the RH5 (e) antigen. We found an alloimmunization prevalence of 20.7% and a Rh alloimmunization prevalence of 7.1%. Since Black donors represented only 1.40% of all blood donors in our province, D- Caucasian donors were mostly used to provide phenotype matched products. Compatible blood for patients with rare Rh variants was found only in Black donors. A donor with compatible RhCE could be identified for all patients. CONCLUSION: Although Rh-compatible donors were identified, blood units might not be available when needed and/or the extended phenotype or ABO group might not match the patient. A greater effort has to be made for the recruitment of Black donors to accommodate patients with SCD.

Management of a patient with sickle cell disease and multiple red blood cell alloantibodies in preparation for a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is currently the only widely available curative option for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Alloimmunization in this population is frequent and can complicate transfusion management during the HSCT period. The case of a pediatric patient with severe SCD clinical phenotype, multiple alloantibodies (9), and hyperhemolysis syndrome who underwent haploidentical HSCT is described. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The patient was known for an anti-e, despite RHCE*01.01 allele, which predicts a C- c+ E- weak e+ phenotype. Donors matching the patient's extended phenotype were targeted for RHCE genotyping. RESULTS: Donors homozygotes or heterozygotes for RHCE*01.01 were selected for compatibility analyses and ranked based on strength of reactions. Discordance between zygosity and strength of reactions was observed, as the most compatible donors were heterozygotes for RHCE*01.01. In total, the patient received seven RBC units from two different donors during HSCT process without transfusion reaction or development of new alloantibodies. Six months post-HSCT, his hemoglobin level is stable at around 120 g/L and his chimerism is 100%. DISCUSSION: This case highlights the complexity of transfusion management during HSCT of alloimmunized patients with SCD. Collecting sufficient compatible units requires early involvement of transfusion medicine teams and close communication with the local blood provider. Genotyping of donors self-identifying as Black is useful for identifying compatible blood for those patients but has some limitations. HSCT for heavily alloimmunized patients is feasible and safe with early involvement of transfusion medicine specialists. Further research on the clinical impact of genotypic matching is needed.

Cost-Effectiveness of Comprehensive Genomic Profiling in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer for the Colombian Health System.

INTRODUCTION: The use of comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) and target therapies is associated with substantial improvements in clinical outcomes among patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the costs of CGP may increase the financial pressures of NSCLC on health systems worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of CGP compared with current genomic tests in patients with NSCLC from the perspective of the Colombian Health System. METHODS: To estimate the costs and benefits of CGP and its comparators, we developed a 2-stage cohort model with a lifetime horizon. In the first stage, we made up a decision tree that calculated the probability of receiving each therapy as result of identifying a specific, actionable target. In the second stage, we developed a partitioned survival model that estimated the time spent at each health state. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated for life-years (LYs) and quality-adjusted LYs gained. All costs were expressed in 2019 international dollars (INT$). RESULTS: CGP is associated with gains of 0.06 LYs and 0.04 quality-adjusted LYs compared with current genomic tests. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for CGP ranged from INT$861 to INT$7848, depending on the outcome and the comparator. Sensitivity analyses show that the cost-effectiveness decision was sensitive to prices of CGP above INT$7170 per test. These results are robust to most deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: CGP may be cost-effective in patients with NSCLC from the perspective of the Colombian Health System (societal willingness-to-pay threshold of INT$15 630 to INT$46 890).

Incidence of acute haemolytic transfusion reaction among ABO-incompatible recipients transfused with A3 blood: A case series.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: ABO antigens are among the most immunogenic, but the haemolytic risks of ABO incompatibilities involving a donor with a weak ABO phenotype are little documented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective case series assessed the incidence of acute haemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR) among ABO-incompatible recipients of A3 blood in Québec (Canada). Transfusion safety officers reported laboratory AHTR indicators measured ≤24 h pre- and post-transfusion. Because the AHTR case definition of Québec's Hemovigilance System (QHS) leaves significant room for clinical judgement, a two-step approach was used to assess potential cases: Step 1 consisted in a highly sensitive-but unspecific-initial screen that identified all candidate cases per QHS case definition, and Step 2 consisted in a detailed review of candidate cases by two haematologists. RESULTS: Nine donors initially typed as Group B (N = 1) or O (N = 8) were subsequently found to display an A3 B or A3 O phenotype. Eighty-one recipients received ABO-incompatible blood, including 53 (65.4%) with interpretable data. Of these, 29 (54.7%) were classified as candidate cases after Step 1. Following Step 2, no conclusive evidence of AHTR was found: Abnormal pre- versus post-transfusion changes appeared modest, within normal range, insufficient to ascertain AHTR, or were consistent with a pre-existing condition unrelated to AHTR. Two candidate cases had a QHS-reported transfusion reaction; both were unrelated to AHTR. CONCLUSION: In this case series, no conclusive evidence of serious AHTR was found among ABO-incompatible recipients who were inadvertently transfused with A3 blood.

Prevalence of lung cancer in Colombia and a new diagnostic algorithm using health administrative databases: A real-world evidence study.

Reliable, timely and detailed information on lung cancer prevalence, mortality and costs from middle-income countries is essential to policy design. Thus, we aimed to develop an electronic algorithm to identify lung cancer prevalent patients in Colombia by using administrative claims databases, as well as to estimate prevalence rates by age, sex and geographic region. We performed a cross-sectional study based on national claim databases in Colombia (Base de datos de suficiencia de la Unidad de Pago por Capitación and Base de Datos Única de Afiliados) to identify lung cancer prevalent patients in 2017, 2018 and 2019. Several algorithms based on the presence or absence of oncological procedures (chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery) and a minimum number of months that each individual had lung cancer ICD-10 codes were developed. After testing 16 algorithms, those with the closest prevalence rates to those rates reported by aggregated official sources (Global Cancer Observatory and Cuenta de Alto Costo) were selected. We estimated prevalence rates by age, sex and geographic region. Two algorithms were selected: i) one algorithm that was defined as the presence of ICD-10 codes for 4 months or more (the sensitive algorithm); and ii) one algorithm that was defined by adding the presence of at least one oncological procedure (the specific algorithm). The estimated prevalence rates per 100,000 inhabitants ranged between 11.14 and 18.05 for both, the contributory and subsidized regimes over years 2017, 2018 and 2019. These rates in the contributory regime were higher in women (15.43, 15.61 and 17.03 per 100,000 for years 2017, 2018 and 2019), over 65-years-old (63.45, 56.92 and 61.79 per 100,000 for years 2017, 2018 and 2019) who lived in Central, Bogota and Pacific regions. Selected algorithms showed similar aggregated prevalence estimations to those rates reported by official sources and allowed us to estimate prevalence rates in specific aging, regional and gender groups for Colombia by using national claims databases. These findings could be useful to identify clinical and economical outcomes related to lung cancer patients by using national individual-level databases.

HLA and red blood cell antigen genotyping in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma donors.

Aim: More data is required regarding the association between HLA allele and red blood cell (RBC) antigen expression in regard to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 susceptibility. Methods: ABO, RhD, 37 other RBC antigens and HLA-A, B, C, DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 were determined using high throughput platforms in 90 Caucasian convalescent plasma donors. Results: The AB group was significantly increased (1.5×, p = 0.018) and some HLA alleles were found to be significantly overrepresented (HLA-B*44:02, C*05:01, DPB1*04:01, DRB1*04:01 and DRB1*07:01) or underrepresented (A*01:01, B51:01 and DPB1*04:02) in convalescent individuals compared with the local bone marrow registry population. Conclusion: Our study of infection-susceptible but non-hospitalized Caucasian COVID-19 patients contributes to the global understanding of host genetic factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity.

Comprendiendo las reglas emocionales en el trabajo docente: un estudio con profesoras de enseñanza básica / Understanding emotional rules in the teaching profession: a study with female elementary school teachers

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar y caracterizar las reglas emocionales que profesoras de enseñanza básica perciben en su trabajo. Desde un enfoque cualitativo se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y episódicas a cuatro profesoras. Logrando identificar cuatro reglas emocionales docentes: las docentes deben sentir pasión por su trabajo, deben mantener equilibrio emocional en su trabajo, deben vincularse afectivamente con sus estudiantes y deben regular entre entregar cariño y poner límites en la relación con ellos. Se reconocieron cuatro características: las reglas emocionales son implícitas; se definen en base a principios personales y principios profesionales; el incumplimiento de estas genera reflexiones autocriticas en las docentes y se reconocen formas de control externo para su cumplimiento. Se discute cómo las reglas identificadas concuerdan con la literatura, se despliegan fundamentalmente en la relación con los estudiantes y sus formas de control podrían estar influenciadas por las políticas de rendición de cuentas. (AU)

The objective of the study was to identify and characterize the emotional rules that female elementary school teachers perceive in their work. From a qualitative approach, in-depth and episodic interviews were conducted with four female teachers. Four emotional rules were identified: teachers must feel passion for their work; they must maintain emotional balance in their work; they must bond affectively with their students; they must regulate between giving affection and setting limits in their relationship with them. Four characteristics were recognized: the emotional rules are implicit; they are defined on the basis of personal and professional principles; non-compliance with these rules generates self-critical reflections in the teachers and forms of external control for their compliance are recognized. It is discussed how the rules identified are consistent with the literature; these rules are fundamentally deployed in the relationship with students and their forms of control could be influenced by accountability policies. (AU)

Hemi Le Fort III Fracture with Subdural and Subarachnoid Pneumocephalus with a Mild Mount Fuji Sign

ABSTRACT: Extensive fractures in the fixed facial skeleton combined with traumatic brain injury can cause functional and esthetic impairments, possibly threatening the patient's life. Male patient, 50-year-old, victim of physical aggression, presented with persistent headache and dizziness, fractures in the naso-orbito-ethmoidal, zygomatic-maxillary and right pterygoid process regions, among other minor patterns of facial fracture, with mobility to maxillary traction of the third midface unilaterally. Clinical-imaging findings revealed a Hemi Le Fort III fracture and subdural and subarachnoid pneumocephalus with a mild Mount Fuji Sign. The proposed treatment was facial osteosynthesis and conservative intravenous drug treatment of the pneumocephalus. The patient had a good recovery, with no postoperative motor or functional deficits. The correct management of the patient with facial trauma associated with craniotrauma offers benefits, restoring stability of facial architecture and preventing or correcting neurosurgical complications.

RESUMEN: Las fracturas extensas en el esqueleto facial combinadas con una lesión cerebral traumática pueden causar deficiencias funcionales y estéticas, que posiblemente pongan en peligro la vida del paciente. Paciente de sexo masculino, 50 años, víctima de agresión física, que presentó cefalea persistente y mareos, fracturas en las regiones naso-orbito-etmoidal, cigomático-maxilar y pterigoides derecha, entre otros patrones menores de fractura facial, con movilidad a tracción maxilar del tercio medio facial unilateralmente. Los hallazgos de las imágenes clínicas revelaron una hemifractura de Le Fort III y neumocefalia subdural y subaracnoidea con un leve signo del Monte Fuji. El tratamiento propuesto fue la osteosíntesis facial y el tratamiento farmacológico intravenoso conservador de la neumocefalia. El paciente tuvo una buena recuperación, sin déficit motor ni funcionales postoperatorios. El manejo adecuado del paciente con trauma facial asociado a craneotrauma ofrece beneficios, devolviendo la estabilidad de la arquitectura facial y previniendo o complicaciones neuroquirúrgicas.

Attributable Costs of Lung Cancer for the Colombian Health System: A Cost-of-Illness Study.

OBJECTIVES: Lung cancer imposes a significant economic burden on most countries. Nevertheless, there is scarce information about this burden on health systems in low- and middle-income countries. This study aims to estimate the economic burden of lung cancer on the Colombian health system, a middle-income country with universal health coverage in Latin America. METHODS: We conducted a cost-of-illness study that included all direct costs generated by prevalent cases of lung cancer in Colombia during 2017. We used administrative databases containing patient-level information on consumption of healthcare services and reports on healthcare spending published by the Colombian Ministry of Health. To decrease the probability of misallocation of costs, we used propensity score matching to estimate the marginal costs of delivering healthcare services to patients with lung cancer. Additionally, ordinary least squares and variations in case definitions were used to assess the robustness of all estimates. RESULTS: Total costs attributable to lung cancer in 2017 ranged from $50 039 588 to $74 468 111, with important differences across insurance regimes (from $4 629 938 for the subsidized regime to $55 342 357 for the contributory regime). Notably, 43% of all costs ($27 081 348) were caused by the consumption of services not included in the health benefit package. There were no significant differences between inpatient and outpatient costs. CONCLUSIONS: Lung cancer imposes a significant economic burden on the Colombian health system. Although all affiliates are entitled to a unique health benefit package, there were important differences in costs across insurance regimes. Further research is needed to identify the main mechanisms underlying these differences.

Weak D type 42: Antigen density and risk of alloimmunization in the province of Québec.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A high proportion of suspected weak D patients referred to Héma-Québec were genotyped as weak D type 42 (368/2105, 17.5%). These patients are currently considered D with regard to RhD immunoprophylaxis in pregnancy and transfusion. The goal of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the risk of alloimmunization in weak D type 42 patients and to characterize their RhD surface molecule expression on red blood cells (RBCs) in comparison to other weak D types (1, 2 and 3). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis using the weak D type 42 patients' medical data to verify potential anti-D alloimmunization events was conducted. Quantitative analyses using flow cytometry were also performed on RBCs to quantify the cell surface density of the D antigen. RESULTS: Data on 215 subjects with weak D type 42 were reviewed. None developed immune allo-anti-D; three had definite exposure to D+ red cells and 41 had possible exposure through pregnancy. Flow cytometry analysis showed that weak D types 1, 2, 3 and 42 had relative antigen densities of 2.7%, 2.2%, 8.1% and 3.6%, respectively, with R1R2 red cells referencing 100% density. The estimated antigen density range of weak D type 42 was 819-1104 sites per RBC. CONCLUSION: Our retrospective alloimmunization data analysis and antigen density study establish a basis for the consideration of a weak D type 42 individual as D+. This consideration would allow for a targeted reduction of RhD immunoprophylaxis in pregnancy and the unjustified use of D- units for transfusion.

How clinically useful is comprehensive genomic profiling for patients with non-small cell lung cancer? A systematic review.

Given the lack of a gold standard, the clinical usefulness of Comprehensive Genomic Profiling (CGP) has not been established. This systematic review aimed to evaluate evidence about the clinical benefit of CGP for patients with Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). All controlled studies that evaluated the ability of CGP to detect actionable targets (ATs) reported increases in the number of samples with ATs. The frequency of ATs detected in uncontrolled case series ranged from 0.7 % for RET mutations to 45 % for EGFR mutations. The studies that evaluated therapies targeted to EGFR, ALK, ROS-1, MET, and RET mutations documented significant improvement in clinical outcomes. This review suggests that CGP tests may be clinically helpful for treating patients with NSCLC. Although current evidence is associated with a high risk of bias, the significant impact of NSCLC on individuals and society may justify the routine use of CGP testing for this disease.

Understanding treatment-subgroup effect in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: An exploration using meta-analyses of individual patient data.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Recommendations for preventing cardiovascular (CV) disease are currently separated into primary and secondary prevention. We hypothesize that relative effects of interventions for CV prevention are not different across primary and secondary prevention cohorts. Our aim was to test for differences in relative effects on CV events in common preventive CV interventions across primary and secondary prevention cohorts. METHODS AND RESULTS: A systematic search was performed to identify individual patient data (IPD) meta-analyses that included both primary and secondary prevention populations. Eligibility assessment, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were conducted independently and in duplicate. We extracted relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the interventions over patient-important outcomes and estimated the ratio of RR for primary and secondary prevention populations. We identified five eligible IPDs representing 524,570 participants. Quality assessment resulted in overall low-to-moderate methodological quality. We found no subgroup effect across prevention categories in any of the outcomes assessed. CONCLUSION: In the absence of significant treatment-subgroup interactions between primary and secondary CV prevention cohorts for common preventive interventions, clinical practice guidelines could offer recommendations tailored to individual estimates of CV risk without regard to membership to primary and secondary prevention cohorts. This would require the development of reliable ASCVD risk estimators that apply across both cohorts.

Socioeconomic inequalities in birth outcomes: An 11-year analysis in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To examine socioeconomic inequalities in birth outcomes among infants born between 2008 and 2018 and assessed trends in inequalities during that period in Colombia, a middle-income country with high levels of inequality emerging from a long internal armed conflict. METHODS: Using birth certificate data in Colombia, we analysed the outcomes of low birth weight, an Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes after birth and the number of prenatal visits among full-term pregnancies. Maternal education and health insurance schemes were used as socioeconomic position (SEP) indicators. Inequalities were estimated using the prevalence/mean of the outcomes across categories of the SEP indicators and calculating the relative and slope indices of inequality (RII and SII, respectively). RESULTS: Among the 5,433,265 full-term singleton births analysed, there was a slight improvement in the outcomes analysed over the study period (lower low-birth-weight and Apgar<7 prevalence rates and higher number of prenatal visits). We observed a general pattern of social gradients and significant relative (RII) and absolute (SII) inequalities for all outcomes across both SEP indicators. RII and SII estimates with their corresponding CIs revealed a general picture of no significant changes in inequalities over time, with some particular, time-dependent exceptions. When comparing the initial and final years of our study period, inequalities in low birth weight related to maternal education increased while those in Apgar score <7 decreased. Relative inequalities across health insurance schemes increased for the two birth outcomes but decreased for the number of prenatal visits. CONCLUSION: The lack of a consistent improvement in the magnitude of inequalities in birth outcomes over an 11-year period is a worrying issue because it could aggravate the cycle of inequality, given the influence of birth outcomes on health, social and economic outcomes throughout the life course. The findings of our analysis emphasize the importance of policies aimed at providing access to quality education and providing a health care system with universal coverage and high levels of integration.

High prevalence of weak D type 42 in a large-scale RHD genotyping program in the province of Quebec (Canada).

BACKGROUND: The determination of the RhD phenotype is crucial to avoid alloimmunization, especially in childbearing women. Following the 2015 recommendation from the Work Group on RHD Genotyping, a large-scale RHD genotyping program was implemented in the province of Quebec (Canada) and offered to women ≤45 years old with a serological weak D or discordant results. Since weak D type 42 was previously shown to be prevalent among French Canadians, genotyping for that variant was also performed. Our aim was to report the prevalence of the weak D alleles in the province of Quebec. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 2105 women with serological weak D referred to Hema-Quebec's immunohematology reference laboratory (IRL) between June 2016 and May 2020 was conducted. Results from the serological tests performed by the referring hospital were compiled and RHD were genotyped. RESULTS: Most patients presented at least one serological result ≤2+ before being referred to Hema-Quebec. Weak D type 42 was the most prevalent variant, representing 17.5% (368/2105) of all individuals tested. Only 15.3% (323/2105) of patients were weak D type 1, 3.3% (69/2105) were type 2, and 8.6% (180/2105) were type 3. Weak D type 42 is highly expressed in regions with low immigration rate and known for their founder effect. CONCLUSION: Our RHD genotyping program allowed for a better management of weak D. The province of Quebec presents a unique RHD genotype distribution. We confirmed that weak D type 42 is associated with a founder effect found in Caucasian French Canadians.

Basic life support: knowledge assessment considering the articulation of active teaching strategies / Soporte vital básico: evaluación del conocimiento considerando la articulación de estrategias de enseñanza activas / Suporte básico de vida: avaliação do conhecimento considerando a articulação de estratégias ativas de ensino

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the effect of an educational intervention called "Basic Life Support with the use of the automated external defibrillator" on knowledge development in Nursing professionals, considering the articulation of active teaching and learning strategies. Method: a quasi-experimental intervention study, without a control group and of before-and-after type, carried out with 113 nurses working in the Urgency and Emergency Network of an inland city in the state of São Paulo, through a course presented between March and June 2019 on cardiopulmonary resuscitation with Basic Life Support and use of automated external defibrillator. Three active teaching and learning strategies were articulated: inverted classroom, video lesson, and clinical simulation. Knowledge was assessed by applying a pre- and post-test, and the paired t test was used for the analysis. Results: the best performance regarding knowledge development was presented by the nurses from the hospital area, identifying a mean of 11.90 points in the pre-test and of 16.9 points in the post-test. In general, better scores of knowledge regarding Basic Life Support were obtained, evidenced by statistically significant results, with a p-value<0.001. Conclusion: the articulation of the adopted strategies can enhance knowledge development in Nursing regarding Basic Life Support in adult patients, due to the emphasis on the development of critical thinking, the encouragement of clinical judgment, reflective discussion and active participation of individuals in their learning process, factors that positively impact on the acquisition of the individuals' cognitive ability/knowledge.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de una intervención educativa denominada "Soporte Vital Básico con el uso de desfibrilador automático externo" en el desarrollo de conocimiento en profesionales de Enfermería, considerando la articulación de estrategias activas de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Método: estudio de intervención cuasiexperimental, sin grupo control y del tipo antes y después, realizado con 113 profesionales de Enfermería pertenecientes a la Red de Urgencias y Emergencias de una ciudad del interior del estado de San Pablo, por medio de un curso presentado entre marzo y junio de 2019 sobre reanimación cardiopulmonar con Soporte Vital Básico y uso de desfibrilador externo automático. Se articularon tres estrategias activas de enseñanza y aprendizaje: clase invertida, videoclase y simulación clínica. El conocimiento se evaluó aplicando una prueba previa y una prueba posterior, y se utilizó la prueba de t emparejada para el análisis. Resultados: el mejor desempeño en cuanto al desarrollo de conocimiento lo presentaron los enfermeros del área hospitalaria, identificándose una media de 11,90 puntos en la prueba previa y de 16,9 puntos en la prueba posterior. En general, se obtuvo una mejora en las puntuaciones del conocimiento en relación con el Soporte Vital Básico, evidenciado por resultados estadísticamente significativos, con un valor de p<0,001. Conclusión: la articulación de las estrategias adoptadas puede potenciar el desarrollo de conocimiento en Enfermería con respecto al Soporte Vital Básico en pacientes adultos, debido al énfasis en el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico, al estímulo del buen juicio clínico, a la discusión reflexiva y a la participación activa de los individuos en su proceso de aprendizaje, factores que ejercen un efecto positivo en la adquisición de la habilidad cognitiva/conocimiento de las personas.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o efeito de uma intervenção educativa denominada "Suporte Básico de Vida com o uso do desfibrilador automático externo" no desenvolvimento de conhecimento em profissionais de enfermagem, considerando a articulação de estratégias ativas de ensino e aprendizagem. Método: estudo de intervenção quasi-experimental, sem grupo controle, do tipo antes e depois, realizado com 113 profissionais de enfermagem pertencentes à Rede de Urgência e Emergência de uma cidade do interior do Estado de São Paulo, por meio de um curso apresentado entre março e junho de 2019, sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar com Suporte Básico de Vida e uso do desfibrilador externo automático. Articularam-se três estratégias ativas de ensino e aprendizagem: a aula invertida, a videoaula e a simulação clínica. Avaliou-se o conhecimento aplicando um pré e um pós-teste, e utilizou-se o teste t pareado para análise. Resultados: o melhor desempenho quanto ao desenvolvimento de conhecimento foi apresentado pelos enfermeiros da área hospitalar, identificando-se média de 11,90 pontos no pré-teste e de 16,9 no pós-teste. Obteve-se, em geral, aumento dos escores de conhecimento quanto ao Suporte Básico de Vida, evidenciado por resultados estatisticamente significativos, com valor de p<0,001. Conclusão: a articulação das estratégias adotadas pode potencializar o desenvolvimento de conhecimento em enfermagem quanto ao Suporte Básico de Vida em pacientes adultos, devido à ênfase no desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico, ao estímulo do julgamento clínico, à discussão reflexiva e à participação ativa dos indivíduos em seu processo de aprendizado, fatores que impactam positivamente na aquisição da habilidade cognitiva/conhecimento dos indivíduos.

Simulation in nursing: production of the knowledge of the Graduate Courses in Brazil from 2011 to 2020 / Simulación en enfermería: producción de conocimiento en los Programas de Postgrado en Brasil entre 2011 y 2020 / Simulação em enfermagem: produção do conhecimento da Pós-Graduação no Brasil de 2011 a 2020

ABSTRACT Objective: to synthesize the production of knowledge on simulation in Nursing generated by the Nursing graduate programs in Brazil between January 2011 and February 2020. Method: a documentary research study, which adopted as primary source the official documents of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level personnel, conducted by means of an integrative literature review from October 2019 to February 2020, with quantitative analysis of the data. Results: initially, 68 studies were identified, 40 of them comprising the final sample. The following categories stood out: purpose of the studies; types of simulation; Health Care level; variables analyzed regarding the effectiveness of the simulation; themes addressed; comparison of the effectiveness of simulation with that of other teaching strategies, and weaknesses and potentialities of simulation. The scientific research of the Brazilian graduate courses prioritized the analysis of the effectiveness of simulation in the development of knowledge, satisfaction and confidence, in an off-site or virtual teaching environment, aimed both at hospital care and at primary care, mainly in Neonatology and Pediatrics, with the participants' anxiety as main weakness; and satisfaction, knowledge, critical thinking, safety, confidence and the ability to articulate theory and practice as potentialities. Conclusion: this study contributes to research, teaching and care in Nursing, for enabling the identification of the scientific production setting on simulation, which supports new research studies, with a focus on objectives and settings not yet explored. Simulation is indicated as an effective strategy for the development of cognitive, psychomotor and attitudinal skills in Nursing.

RESUMEN Objetivo: sintetizar la producción de conocimiento sobre simulación en Enfermería generada por los programas de postgrado del área de Enfermería en Brasil, entre enero de 2011 y febrero de 2020. Método: investigación documental, que adoptó como fuente primaria los documentos oficiales de la Coordinación de Perfeccionamiento de Personal de Nivel Superior, realizada por medio de una revisión integradora de la literatura, de octubre de 2019 a febrero de 2020, con análisis cualitativo de los datos. Resultados: inicialmente se identificaron 68 estudios, de los cuales 40 compusieron la muestra final. Se destacaron las siguientes categorías: propósito de los estudios; tipos de simulación; nivel de Atención de la Salud; variables analizadas en relación a la eficacia de la simulación; temáticas abordadas; comparación entre la efectividad de la simulación y la de otras estrategias de enseñanza, y puntos débiles y potencialidades de la simulación. La investigación científica de los programas de postgrado de Brasil priorizó el análisis de la eficacia de la simulación en el desarrollo de conocimiento, satisfacción y confianza, en un ambiente de enseñanza externo o virtual, dirigido tanto a la atención hospitalaria como primaria, principalmente en Neonatología y Pediatría, donde la ansiedad de los participantes se indicó como el principal punto débil; y la satisfacción, el conocimiento, el pensamiento crítico, la seguridad, la confianza y la capacidad para articular teoría y práctica se indicaron como potencialidades. Conclusión: este estudio contribuye a la investigación, la enseñanza y la asistencia en Enfermería, ya que permite identificar el ámbito de la producción científica sobre simulación, que sustenta nuevas investigaciones, enfocadas en objetivos y ámbitos todavía no explorados. La simulación se indica como una estrategia eficaz para desarrollar habilidades cognitivas, psicomotoras y actitudinales en Enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivo: sintetizar a produção do conhecimento sobre simulação em enfermagem gerada pelos programas de pós-graduação da área de enfermagem no Brasil entre janeiro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2020. Método: pesquisa documental, que adotou como fonte primária os documentos oficiais da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, realizada por revisão integrativa da literatura, de outubro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020, com análise qualitativa dos dados. Resultados: identificaram-se inicialmente 68 estudos, e 40 compuseram a amostra final. Destacaram-se as categorias: intencionalidades dos estudos; tipos de simulação; nível de Atenção à Saúde; variáveis analisadas quanto à eficácia da simulação; temáticas abordadas; comparação da efetividade da simulação versus outras estratégias de ensino e fragilidades e potencialidades da simulação. A pesquisa científica da pós-graduação brasileira priorizou a análise da eficácia da simulação no desenvolvimento de conhecimento, satisfação e confiança, em um ambiente off-site ou virtual de ensino, voltado tanto à atenção hospitalar como primária de cuidado, principalmente em neonatologia e pediatria, tendo a ansiedade dos participantes como principal fragilidade, e a satisfação, o conhecimento, o pensamento crítico, a segurança, a confiança e a capacidade de articular teoria e prática como potencialidades. Conclusão: este estudo contribui para a pesquisa, o ensino e a assistência em enfermagem, por possibilitar a identificação do cenário da produção científica sobre simulação, que sustenta novas investigações, com enfoque em objetivos e cenários ainda não explorados. Indica-se a simulação como estratégia eficaz para o desenvolvimento de habilidades cognitivas, psicomotoras e atitudinais em enfermagem.

Actividades emocionales del trabajo docente: un estudio de shadowing en Chile / Emotional activities of teachers' work: a Shadowing study in Chile

En este artículo presentamos hallazgos de un estudio con enfoque etnográfico sobre actividades emocionales en el trabajo cotidiano de docentes secundarios de distintos contextos educativos de Santiago, Chile. Utilizando la estrategia de shadowing, identificamos dos conjuntos de acti-vidades emocionales: las primeras, que denominamos actividades emocionales emergentes, responden a demandas imprevistas e impostergables de sus estudiantes que los/as docentes deben resolver inmediatamente para continuar con su labor. En segundo lugar, están las activi-dades emocionales vinculares, que permiten a docentes conocer y construir una relación con sus estudiantes. En tercer lugar, recogemos las implicancias que tienen para los/as docentes estas actividades emocionales, en términos de su complejidad, el trabajo y tiempo involucra-do, y el desgaste que producen. En la discusión planteamos que estas actividades son variadas, situadas e indispensables para el trabajo docente, pese a no estar reconocidas en las regula-ciones basadas en la rendición de cuentas.

In this article we present a study on emotional activities in secondary teachers’ everyday work from different educational contexts in Santiago, Chile. Carried out with an ethnographic standpoint, we identified two sets of emotional activities: the first, which we named emer-gent emotional activities, respond to unforeseen and unpostponable demands from their stu-dents, thatteachers must immediately resolve in order for them to continue their work. Sec-ondly, we describe bonding emotional activities that allow teachers to know and build a rela-tionship with their students. In third place, we describe the implications that these emotional activities have on teachers, in terms of their complexity, the work and time invested, and the weariness it produces. Further, we discuss that these activities are varied, contextualized and indispensable for teachers’ work, in spite of being unrecognized in regulations based on ac-countability.(AU)

Primary intra-osseous Hybrid Schwannoma-Perineurioma in the mandible.

Benign nerve sheath tumours include perineuriomas, schwannomas and neurofibromas. Hybrid schwannoma-perineurioma represents a cutaneous, subcutaneous or occasionally intra-osseous tumour with schwannian cytomorphology and perineurioma-like architecture consisting of a mixture of both types of cells. These tumours can develop at any age and there is no gender-predilection. Tongue is the most frequently affected site, followed by palate, mouth floor, jugal mucosa, lips and, more rarely, mandible. We present a case of hybrid tumour with schwannoma-perineurioma morphology located on the right mandibular body (intra-osseous) of a 54-year-old female patient. The tumour was symptomatic and evolving for six months. Microscopically, it was encapsulated and highly cellularised, presenting fascicular aspect and exhibiting scant mitotic activity. The tumour consisted of distinct cellular populations involving fusiform cells, cells with wavy and hyperchromatic nucleus or even epithelioid cells. Positive immunostaining for S-100 and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) was observed. The lesion was completely removed under general anaesthesia, with the patient showing no clinical or radiographic sign of relapse after two-year follow-up. Despite the limited knowledge on the pathogenesis of Hybrid Schwannoma-Perineurioma, these tumours seem to present a non-aggressive biological behaviour. Conservative surgery provides adequate solution without recurrence, even after a long-term follow-up. Key words:Nerve sheath tumours, Schwannoma, Perineurioma, Immunohistochemistry.