Pulse rate variability in cardiovascular health: a review on its applications and relationship with heart rate variability.

Heart rate variability has been largely used for the assessment of cardiac autonomic activity, due to the direct relationship between cardiac rhythm and the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. In recent years, another technique, pulse rate variability, has been used for assessing heart rate variability information from pulse wave signals, especially from photoplethysmography, a non-invasive, non-intrusive, optical technique that measures the blood volume in tissue. The relationship, however, between pulse rate variability and heart rate variability is not entirely understood, and the effects of cardiovascular changes in pulse rate variability have not been thoroughly elucidated. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the applications in which pulse rate variability has been used, with a special focus on cardiovascular health, and of the studies that have compared heart rate variability and pulse rate variability is presented. It was found that the relationship between heart rate variability and pulse rate variability is not entirely understood yet, and that pulse rate variability might be influenced not only due to technical aspects but also by physiological factors that might affect the measurements obtained from pulse-to-pulse time series extracted from pulse waves. Hence, pulse rate variability must not be considered as a valid surrogate of heart rate variability in all scenarios, and care must be taken when using pulse rate variability instead of heart rate variability. Specifically, the way pulse rate variability is affected by cardiovascular changes does not necessarily reflect the same information as heart rate variability, and might contain further valuable information. More research regarding the relationship between cardiovascular changes and pulse rate variability should be performed to evaluate if pulse rate variability might be useful for the assessment of not only cardiac autonomic activity but also for the analysis of mechanical and vascular autonomic responses to these changes.

Características bacteriológicas, físicas y pH del agua de consumo humano del municipio de Une-Cundinamarca / Bacteriological and physical characteristics and pH of water for human consumption in the municipality of Une-Cundinamarca

Resumen Objetivo. Determinar características bacteriológicas, físicas y pH del agua para consumo humano que abastece al municipio de Une, Cundinamarca-Colombia. Métodos. Se tomaron 13 muestras de agua: 10 de la zona rural y 3 de la zona urbana. Del total de muestras tomadas en la zona rural, 7 no tenían ningún tratamiento, mientras que 3 tenían algún tipo de tratamiento. Las 3 muestras tomadas en la cabecera municipal, todas tenían tratamiento. Se utilizó la técnica de filtración por membrana para los análisis bacteriológicos, y los métodos nefelométrico, turbidimétrico y potenciométrico, para los análisis físicos y el pH. Resultados. Se obtuvo como resultado pH inferior a 6; 12 puntos superan el valor máximo de turbiedad y 5 puntos para la determinación de color. Se observó la presencia de Coliformes totales, E. coli y Enterococcus en las muestras analizadas, en cantidad que sobrepasa lo establecido en la normativa colombiana.

Abstract Objective. To determine bacteriological and physical characteristics and pH of water for human consumption that supplies the municipality of Une, Cundinamarca-Colombia. Methods. Thirteen water samples were taken: 10 from the rural area and 3 from the urban area. Of the total number of samples taken in the rural area, 7 had no treatment at all, while 3 had some type of treatment. The 3 samples taken in the municipal capital, all had treatment. The membrane filtration technique was used for bacteriological analysis and the nephelometric, turbidimetric and potentiometric methods for physical analysis and pH. Results. The result was pH lower than 6; 12 points exceed the maximum value turbidity and 5 points for the determination of color. The presence of total Coliforms, E. coli and Enterococcus was observed in the analyzed samples, in an amount that surpasses the established in the Colombian regulations.

Use of Transient Time Response as a Measure to Characterize Phononic Crystal Sensors.

Phononic crystals are periodic composite structures with specific resonant features that are gaining popularity in the field as liquid sensors. The introduction of a structural defect in an otherwise periodic regular arrangement can generate a resonant mode, also called defect mode, inside the characteristic band gaps of phononic crystals. The morphology, as well as the frequency in which these defect modes appear, can give useful information on the composition and properties of an analyte. Currently, only gain and frequency measurements are performed using phononic crystal sensors. Other measurements like the transient response have been implemented in resonant sensors such as quartz microbalances showing great results and proving to be a great complimentary measure to the gain and frequency measurements. In the present paper, a study of the feasibility of using the transient response as a measure to acquire additional information about the analyte is presented. Theoretical studies using the transmission line model were realized to show the impact of variations in the concentration of an analyte, in this case, lithium carbonate solutions, in the transient time of the system. Experimental realizations were also performed showing that the proposed measurement scheme presents significant changes in the resulting data, indicating the potential use of this measure in phononic crystal sensors. This proposed measure could be implemented as a stand-alone measure or as a compliment to current sensing modalities.

Physiological coherence in healthy volunteers during laboratory-induced stress and controlled breathing.

Physiological coherence has been related with a general sense of well-being and improvements in health and physical, social, and cognitive performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between acute stress, controlled breathing, and physiological coherence, and the degree of body systems synchronization during a coherence-generation exercise. Thirty-four university employees were evaluated during a 20-min test consisting of four stages of 5-min duration each, during which basal measurements were obtained (Stage 1), acute stress was induced using validated mental stressors (Stroop test and mental arithmetic task, during Stage 2 and 3, respectively), and coherence states were generated using a controlled breathing technique (Stage 4). Physiological coherence and cardiorespiratory synchronization were assessed during each stage from heart rate variability, pulse transit time, and respiration. Coherence measurements derived from the three analyzed variables increased during controlled respiration. Moreover, signals synchronized during the controlled breathing stage, implying a cardiorespiratory synchronization was achieved by most participants. Hence, physiological coherence and cardiopulmonary synchronization, which could lead to improvements in health and better life quality, can be achieved using slow, controlled breathing exercises. Meanwhile, coherence measured during basal state and stressful situations did not show relevant differences using heart rate variability and pulse transit time. More studies are needed to evaluate the ability of coherence ratio to reflect acute stress.

Effect of temperature on copper, iron and lead leaching from e-waste using citrate solutions.

E-waste is a potential source of large quantities of metals. The ability of citrate solutions to recover base metals from these materials has been demonstrated. In the present study, the effect of the temperature on base metal leaching capacity by the citrate solutions is determined. The material employed consisted of a mechanically prepared, gravity concentrated e-waste, with a metallic content greater than 90%. The leaching conditions were selected based on previous research performed by the authors (0.5 M sodium citrate, pH 4.5 and 20 g per liter e-waste concentrate). Leaching tests were performed at temperatures between 0° and 70 °C. The initial leaching rates for the three metals increased with temperature. However, these tapered off with time for temperatures above 30 °C, which can be associated to citrate destruction.

Differential Phononic Crystal Sensor: Towards a Temperature Compensation Mechanism for Field Applications Development.

Phononic crystals are resonant structures with great potential to be implemented in applications as liquid sensors. The use of the symmetry reduction technique allows introducing relevant transmission features inside bandgaps by creating defect modes in a periodic regular structure. These features can be used as measures to quantify changes in the speed of sound of liquid samples that could be related to the concentration of analytes or the presence of pathogens among other interesting applications. In order to be able to implement this new technology in more challenging applications, such as biomedical applications, it is necessary to have a very precise and accurate measurement. Changes in temperature greatly affect the speed of sound of the liquid samples, causing errors in the measurements. This article presents a phononic crystal sensor that, by introducing additional defect modes, can carry out differential measurements as a temperature compensation mechanism. Theoretical studies using the transmission line model and analytes at various temperatures show that the proposed temperature compensation mechanism enhances the performance of the sensor in a significant way. This temperature compensation strategy could also be implemented in crystals with different topologies.

Low-power system for the acquisition of the respiratory signal of neonates using diaphragmatic electromyography.

INTRODUCTION: An apnea episode is defined as the cessation of breathing for ≥15 seconds or as any suspension of breathing accompanied by hypoxia and bradycardia. Obtaining information about the respiratory system in a neonate can be accomplished using electromyography signals from the diaphragm muscle. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a method by which the respiratory and electrocardiographic signals from neonates can be obtained using diaphragmatic electromyography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The system was developed using single-supply, micropower components, which deliver a low-power consumption system appropriate for the development of portable devices. The stages of the system were tested in both adult and neonate patients. RESULTS: The system delivers signals as those expected in both patients and allows the acquisition of respiratory signals directly from the diaphragmatic electromyography. CONCLUSION: This low-power system may present a good alternative for monitoring the cardiac and respiratory activity in newborn babies, both in the hospital and at home. SIGNIFICANCE: The system delivers good signals but needs to be validated for its use in neonates. It is being used in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital General de Medellín Luz Castro de Gutiérrez.

Closed circuit recovery of copper, lead and iron from electronic waste with citrate solutions.

An integral closed circuit hydrometallurgical process is presented for base metal recovery from electronic waste. The leaching medium consists of a sodium citrate solution, from which base metals are retrieved by direct electrowinning, and the barren solution is recycled back to the leaching stage. This leaching-electrowinning cycle was repeated four times. The redox properties of the fresh citrate solution, as well as the leach liquors, were characterized by cyclic voltammetry to determine adequate conditions for metal reduction, as well as to limit citrate degradation. The leaching efficiency of electronic waste, employing the same solution after four complete cycles was 71, 83 and 94% for copper, iron and lead, respectively, compared to the original leach with fresh citrate solution.

A High Fundamental Frequency (HFF)-based QCM Immunosensor for Tuberculosis Detection.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis, one of the oldest diseases affecting human beings, is still considered as a world public health problem by the World Health Organization. METHOD & MATERIAL: Therefore, there is a need for new and more powerful analytical methods for early illness diagnosis. With this idea in mind, the development of a High Fundamental Frequency (HFF) piezoelectric immunosensor for the sensitive detection of tuberculosis was undertaken. A 38 kDa protein secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis was first selected as the target biomarker. Then, specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were obtained. Myc-31 MAb, which showed the highest affinity to the analyte, was employed to set up a reference enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a limit of detection of 14 ng mL-1 of 38 kDa antigen. RESULTS & DISCUSSION: For the development of the HFF piezoelectric immunosensor, 100 MHz quartz crystals were used as transducer elements. The gold electrode surface was functionalized by covalent immobilization of the target biomarker through mixed self-assembled monolayers (mSAM) of carboxylic alkane thiols. A competitive immunoassay based on Myc-31 MAb was integrated with the transducer as sensing bio-recognition event. Reliable assay signals were obtained using low concentrations of antigen for functionalization and MAb for the competitive immunoassay. Under optimized conditions, the HFF immunosensor calibration curve for 38 kDa determination showed a limit of detection as low as 11 ng mL-1 of the biomarker. The high detectability attained by this immunosensor, in the picomolar range, makes it a promising tool for the easy, direct and sensitive detection of the tuberculosis biomarker in biological fluids such as sputum.

Copper leaching from electronic waste for the improvement of gold recycling.

Gold recovery from electronic waste material with high copper content was investigated at ambient conditions. A chemical preliminary treatment was found necessary to remove the large quantities of copper before the precious metal can be extracted. For this purpose inorganic acids (HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4) and two organic substances EDTA and citrate, were tested. The effect of auxiliary oxidants such as air, ozone and peroxide hydroxide was studied. In pretreatments with peroxide and HCl or citrate, copper extractions greater than 90% were achieved. In the second leaching stage for gold recovery, the solid residue of the copper extraction was contacted with thiourea solutions, resulting in greater than 90% gold removal after only one hour of reaction.

PURIFICACIÓN DEL ANTÍGENO 38 kDa DE Mycobacterium tuberculosis Y SU POTENCIAL USO EN DIAGNÓSTICO MEDIANTE INMUNOSENSORES PIEZOELÉCTRICOS / Mycobacterium tuberculosis 38 kDa Antigen Purification and Potential Diagnostic Use by Piezoelectric Immunosensors

Un paso crucial en el desarrollo de un inmunosensor piezoeléctrico para la detección de tuberculosis (TB), es la selección y obtención de los inmunoreactivos empleados en el inmunoensayo y la estrategia para la biofuncionalización del transductor. Diversos estudios han reportado el uso del antígeno proteico 38kDa (Ag38kDa) de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) como un buen biomarcador de la enfermedad y el cumplimiento de las características físicas y bioquímicas para ser inmovilizado por monocapas autoensambladas (SAMs), en la superficie del electrodo de oro de cristales piezoeléctricos. Un inmunosensor piezoeléctrico desarrollado a partir de un antígeno nativo purificado de Mtb podría ser un método alternativo simple para la detección de Mtb con ventajas de rapidez y reusabilidad, contribuyendo al control y el tratamiento oportuno de la enfermedad. En este estudio se presenta el proceso de purificación del Ag38kDa a partir de proteínas de secreción filtradas de cultivo (CFP) de Mtb para ser usado como inmunoreactivo con potencial aplicación en la detección de Mtb con inmunosensores piezoeléctricos. Se obtuvieron cristales funcionalizados mediante la técnica modificada de monocapas autoensambladas (SAMs), con el antígeno nativo purificado y CFP. Las superficies biofuncionalizadas fueron caracterizadas cualitativamente con microscopía de fuerza atómica (AFM) para validar las condiciones de optimización del protocolo de inmovilización con antígenos de secreción de Mtb. Estos cristales modificados pueden ser acoplados a un sistema de caracterización de un inmunosensor piezoeléctrico para la detección de Mtb mediante un inmunoensayo competitivo directo.

The selection and procurance of the immunoreagents used in the immunoassay and biofunctionalisation transducer strategy, are a key in the piezoelectric immunosensor development for the detection of tuberculosis (TB). Many have reported the use of 38kDa protein antigen (Ag38kDa) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) such as good biomarker of TB disease and compliance with physical and biochemical characteristics to be immobilized by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), in the gold electrode of piezoelectrics crystals surfaces. A piezoelectric immunosensor developed from purified native antigens of Mtb may be an alternative simple method for detection of Mtb with speed and reusable advantages, contributing to the control and early treatment of disease. In this paper, the purification process of Ag38kDa Mtb from secretory proteins filtered culture (CFP) from Mtb is presented as an immunoreactive with potential application in the detection of Mtb by piezoelectric immunosensors. Functionalized crystals were obtained by using the modified self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) technique, with purified native antigen and CFP. The functionalized surfaces were qualitatively characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in order to validate the immobilization protocol optimal conditions for secretion antigens from Mtb. These modified crystals may be coupled to piezoelectric immunosensor characterization system for detecting of Mtb by a direct competition immunoassay.

Development of an apnea detector for neonates using diaphragmatic surface electromyography.

Respiratory diseases are among the most important and serious conditions that can affect the newborn baby. A cessation of breathing, longer than 15 seconds, or accompanied by hypoxia or bradycardia, is called apnea of prematurity (AOP) and has been found in more than 50% of premature infants. An apnea detector used in infant monitoring has been designed and constructed and is intended to be applied in a clinical environment. Diaphragmatic surface EMG has been used as the technique for detecting apnea episodes due to a direct relation with the respiratory drive. Both obstructive and central apnea can be determined as well as heart rate. Good performance and feasibility have been shown by the prototype.

P300-based brain computer interface experimental setup.

A Brain-Computer interface (BCI) is a communication system that enables the generation of a control signal from brain signals such as sensorymotor rhythms and evoked potentials; therefore, it constitutes a novel communication option for people with severe motor disabilities (such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patients). This paper presents the development of a P300-based BCI. This prototype uses a homemade six-channel electroencephalograph for the acquisition of the signals, and a visual stimulation matrix; since this matrix contains letters of the alphabet as well as images associated to them, it permits word-writing and the elaboration of messages with the images. To process the signals the software BCI2000 and MATLAB 7.0 were used. The latter was used to program three linear translation algorithms (Stepwise Linear Discriminant Analysis, Lineal Discriminant Analysis and Least Squares) to convert the brain signals into communication signals. These algorithms had a classification accuracy of 90.73 %, 95.75 % and 89.45 % respectively, when using raw data; and of 90.78%, 49.48 % and 53.9 %, when data was previously common-average filtered. The experimental setup was tested in ten healthy volunteers; 5 of them got a 100% success, 1 a 90% success, 2 an around 70% success and 2 a 50% success, in the online free-spelling tests.

A contribution to solve the problem of coating properties extraction in quartz crystal microbalance applications.

The problem of coating properties extraction in quartz crystal resonator (QCR) applications is one of the challenging tasks of QCR applications, not completely solved even in theoretical conditions. The present work demonstrates that the problem is determined only for a set of three parameters of the coating, which concentrate the four coating properties. The following parameters are chosen: the surface mass density m8 = p1h1, the loss tangent tan delta1 = G''1/G'1, and the magnitude of the characteristic impedance /Z1(c)/ = (p1/G1/)(1/2). An algorithm is proposed that permits, in ideal conditions, an unambiguous extraction of these parameters, starting only from the admittance spectrum of a three-layer compound resonator, obtained from the one-dimensional transmission-line model (TLM) around the resonance. The algorithm introduces three additional improvements in relation to other routines: the calculation time is drastically reduced, the problem of erroneous solutions related to relative minima in typical fitting routines is eliminated, and a systematic error analysis in the extraction of the coating properties in real practice can be carried out. The use of the proposed algorithm as a tool for studying the effects of different phenomena such as slipping or surface roughness is introduced.