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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; 58(3): 991-1007, Sept. 2010. ilus, graf, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-637977

RESUMO

The relative contributions of primary and secondary seed dispersal to plant demography have received little investigation. Evidence on these seed dispersal types, on seed fate and seedling recruitment of the tropical rain forest tree Dipteryx oleifera, is presented. The study was conducted in a 6.37ha permanent plot where seeds and seedlings were located and tagged for the 2007 cohort. A total of 2 814 seeds were threaded and their fate was followed one year after germination. Primary seed dispersal by bats protected seeds from insect larval predation below the adult tree. Bats congregated seeds in bat seed piles located at a mean distance of 40.94±1.48m from the nearest adult individual of D. oleifera. Terrestrial vertebrates congregated seeds in caches located 41.90±2.43m from the nearest adult individual of D. oleifera. The results of the fitted proportional hazard model suggested that primary seed dispersal decreased seed hazard probability by 1.12% for each meter from the adult conspecific (p<0.001) and that secondary seed dispersal decreased it by 23.97% (p<0.001). Besides, the odds ratio regression models results showed that the overall effect of unviable seeds was a reduction in viable seed predation rate. For each unviable seed deposited by bats into the seed piles, the rate of seed predation by terrestrial vertebrates decreased 6% (p<0.001). For each damaged seed by terrestrial vertebrates in the seed piles, the rate of germination decreased 4% (p<0.001). For each germinated seed in the seed piles, the rate of recruitment increased 16% (p=0.001). Seedling survival of seeds that emerged after secondary seed dispersal events, showed no statistically significant difference in arthropod herbivory, in relation to seedlings that came from seeds that were dispersed only primarily by bats (F=0.153, p=0.697, df=1.98). Thus both primary and secondary dispersal contributed to higher seedling survival away from the nearest adult D. oleifera (r2=0.713, n=578, p=0.004). The distribution of D. oleifera seedlings is consistent with the Janzen-Connell Hypothesis and depends on primary dispersal by bats, secondary dispersal by terrestrial vertebrates, a seed masking effect and, the constant threat of insect herbivores on seedlings. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (3): 991-1007. Epub 2010 September 01.


Presentamos evidencia de la contribución relativa de la dispersión primaria y secundaria de semillas en la suerte que corren las mismas y en el reclutamiento de plántulas de la especie de bosque húmedo tropical Dipteryx oleifera. Este estudio fue realizado en una parcela permanente de 6.37 ha en la que semillas y plántulas del cohorte del 2007 fueron localizadas y mapeadas. Etiquetamos 2 814 semillas para evaluar su suerte un año después de la germinación. Encontramos que la dispersión primaria por murciélagos libera a las semillas de la depredación bajo la copa del árbol adulto causada por la fase larval de un insecto. Los murciélagos dispersan semillas bajo la copa de palmas usadas como comederos, localizados a 40.94±1.48m del árbol de D. oleifera más cercano y vertebrados terrestres congregaran las semillas en caches localizados aproximadamente a 41.90±2.43m del árbol de D. oleifera. Un modelo proporcional de riesgos fue ajustado a los datos de semillas y los resultados sugieren que la dispersión decrece la probabilidad de mortalidad de las semillas 1.16% por cada metro del árbol conspecífico más cercano (p<0.001) y la dispersión secundaria de semillas decrece la probabilidad de mortalidad 23.94% por cada metro (p<0.001). Los modelos de regresión de quebrados muestran que las semillas inviables reducen la tasa de depredación de las viables. Por cada semilla inviable depositada por los murciélagos en las agrupaciones de semillas, la tasa de depredación por vertebrados terrestres decreció 6% (p<0.001). Por cada semilla dañada por vertebrados en las agrupaciones, la tasa de germinación decreció 4% (p<0.001). Por cada semilla germinada en las agrupaciones, la tasa de reclutamiento incrementó 16% (p=0.000). La sobrevivencia de plántulas con dispersión secundaria fue estadísticamente diferente a la de aquellas que únicamente tuvieron dispersión primaria (F=0.153, p=0.697, df=1.98). Ambos tipos de dispersión contribuyeron con una alta sobrevivencia de plántulas lejos del árbol congénere más cercano (r²=0.713, n=578, p=0.004). Concluimos que la distribución de las plántulas de D. oleifera es consistente con la Hipótesis de Janzen- Connell y depende de la dispersión primaria por murciélagos, dispersión secundaria por vertebrados terrestres, el efecto de enmascaramiento y el constante ataque de insectos herbívoros a las plántulas.


Assuntos
Animais , Quirópteros/fisiologia , Dipteryx/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Germinação/fisiologia , Insetos/fisiologia , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dipteryx/classificação , Dipteryx/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Nicarágua , Clima Tropical
2.
Rev Biol Trop ; 58(3): 991-1007, 2010 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20737851

RESUMO

The relative contributions of primary and secondary seed dispersal to plant demography have received little investigation. Evidence on these seed dispersal types, on seed fate and seedling recruitment of the tropical rain forest tree Dipteryx oleifera, is presented. The study was conducted in a 6.37ha permanent plot where seeds and seedlings were located and tagged for the 2007 cohort. A total of 2 814 seeds were threaded and their fate was followed one year after germination. Primary seed dispersal by bats protected seeds from insect larval predation below the adult tree. Bats congregated seeds in bat seed piles located at a mean distance of 40.94 +/- 1.48m from the nearest adult individual of D. oleifera. Terrestrial vertebrates congregated seeds in caches located 41.90 +/- 2.43m from the nearest adult individual of D. oleifera. The results of the fitted proportional hazard model suggested that primary seed dispersal decreased seed hazard probability by 1.12% for each meter from the adult conspecific (p<0.001) and that secondary seed dispersal decreased it by 23.97% (p<0.001). Besides, the odds ratio regression models results showed that the overall effect of unviable seeds was a reduction in viable seed predation rate. For each unviable seed deposited by bats into the seed piles, the rate of seed predation by terrestrial vertebrates decreased 6% (p<0.001). For each damaged seed by terrestrial vertebrates in the seed piles, the rate of germination decreased 4% (p<0.001). For each germinated seed in the seed piles, the rate of recruitment increased 16% (p=0.001). Seedling survival of seeds that emerged after secondary seed dispersal events, showed no statistically significant difference in arthropod herbivory, in relation to seedlings that came from seeds that were dispersed only primarily by bats (F=0.153, p=0.697, df=1.98). Thus both primary and secondary dispersal contributed to higher seedling survival away from the nearest adult D. oleifera (r2=0.713, n=578, p=0.004). The distribution of D. oleifera seedlings is consistent with the Janzen-Connell Hypothesis and depends on primary dispersal by bats, secondary dispersal by terrestrial vertebrates, a seed masking effect and, the constant threat of insect herbivores on seedlings.


Assuntos
Quirópteros/fisiologia , Dipteryx/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Germinação/fisiologia , Insetos/fisiologia , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Dipteryx/classificação , Dipteryx/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Nicarágua , Clima Tropical
3.
J Photochem Photobiol B ; 87(1): 1-8, 2007 Apr 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17227712

RESUMO

Measurements and model calculations have been performed to study the effect of high surface albedo on erythemally effective UV irradiance. A central part of the investigation has been a one week measurement campaign at Salar de Uyuni in the Southern part of the Bolivian Altiplano. The Salar de Uyuni, the largest salt lake of the world, is characterized by largely homogeneous surface conditions during most of the year. Albedo measurements performed by an UV radiometer result in a reflectivity for erythemally effective radiation of 0.69+/-0.02. The measurements show hardly any dependency on solar elevation, indicating the homogeneity of the surface and nearly isotropic reflection properties of the Salar. The effects of the high albedo surface on the erythemally effective irradiance, i.e. the UV index (UVI), has been experimentally determined by simultaneous measurements of several UV radiometers located at different sites around and on the Salar. In this context a method for the minimization of systematic deviations between the individual detectors used for the investigation is presented. It ensures the intercomparability of the performed UV measurements within +/-2% which is a distinct improvement compared to the typical absolute accuracy of UV irradiance measurements in the order of +/-5%. For solar elevations around 50 degrees the UVI measured close to the center of the Salar is typically enhanced by 20% compared to the values determined outside. Towards lower solar elevations this increase becomes slightly weaker. The measurements agree well with both, own corresponding 1D and previously published 3D radiative transfer calculations from literature.


Assuntos
Eritema/diagnóstico por imagem , Fótons , Proteção Radiológica , Raios Ultravioleta , Bolívia , Humanos , Cintilografia , Energia Solar
4.
Cochabamba; UMSS - Fac. Agronomía - TESIS; 2005. 106 ; 28 cm p. map.
Tese em Espanhol | LIBOCS, LIBOSP | ID: biblio-1334538

RESUMO

El presente trabajo se realizó en el Ayllu Layme Puraca del municipio Uncía del departamento de Potosí provincia Bustillo. Este estudio consistió en validar la utilización de herramientas para la planificación de uso y ocupación del territorio a través de sistemas de información geográfica SIG a partir de información temática como geomorfología, erosión, uso de suelo y pendientes, estos mapas se obtuvieron a partir de fotografías aéreas, escala 1:50000. Para el mapa de pendientes y el topográfico se digitalizó las curvas de nivel cada 20 metros utilizando mapas topográficos (IGM). Mediante la aplicación de Sistemas de Información geográfica (SIG), se efectuó una serie de confrontaciones sucesivas de mapas temáticos intermedios reclasificados, previo análisis matricial, obteniendo como producto el mapa final de riesgo y aptitud, los cuales reflejan las potencialidades y militaciones de uso y ocupación del territorio, observándose su distribución en un mapa, el que permite el inicio de la planificación de medidas de implementación. El SIG permite la recopilación de información, el análisis, el procesamiento de la información y la obtención de los mapas temáticos, para intervenciones, monitoreo y toma de decisiones de planes y proyectos en recursos naturales. Los resultados, presentados en mapas, demuestran la utilidad de SIG, que representa gráficamente las potencialidades y limitaciones de la zona de estudio, brindado a los actores principales del ayllu una visión para la aplicación y toma de decisiones futuras


Assuntos
Geomorfologia , Sistemas de Informação Geográfica
5.
Cochabamba; UMSS- Fac. Agronomía. TESIS; 1999. 96 ; 28 cm p. ilus.
Tese em Espanhol | LIBOCS, LIBOSP | ID: biblio-1335361

Assuntos
Patos
6.
La Paz; Don Bosco; 1983. 280 p. ilus.
Monografia em Espanhol | LIBOCS, LIBOSP | ID: biblio-1316051

RESUMO

Contiene: El Tcnl. Gualberto Villaroel, su origen, su vocacion militar, su carrera profesional en el tiempo de paz y de guerra; La toma del poder, la revolucion del 23 de diciembre de 1943, sus antecedentes, las fuerzas que actuaron, Constitucion del Gobierno revolucionario; Las medidas de Gobierno; La obra del Gobierno de Villaroel; La convencion nacional; El primer congreso campesino; La reaccion oligarquica; La revolucion sigue en marcha; Conferencia de prensa con los dictadores y representantes de la prensa nacional e internacional, la caida del Regimen de Villaroel; Los acontecimientos del 13 de junio de 1946; La contrarevolucion del 21 de julio de 1946


Assuntos
Governo , História
7.
La Paz; 1945. 79 p.
Tese em Espanhol | LIBOCS, LIBOSP | ID: biblio-1309638

RESUMO

El presente proyecto propuesto Planta hidroelectrica en la vecina poblacion de Challapata para el suministro de luz y energia electrica, cuyo desarrollo del tema se divide en los siguientes capitulos: I Antecedentes II Descripcion y localizacion III Obras hidraulicas IV Tuberias de presion V Turbinas VI Casa de maquinas VII Produccion, transporte y consumo de la energia electrica VIII Presupuesto IX Conclusiones.

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