Medication Use Evaluation of High-Dose Long-Term Opioid De-prescribing in Multiple Veterans Affairs Medical Centers.

BACKGROUND: The Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) was implemented in 2013 to enhance the safe and appropriate use of opioids in the Veterans Health Administration (VA). Opioid use decreased nationally in subsequent years, but characterization of opioid de-prescribing practices has not been well established. OBJECTIVES: To describe changes in patient characteristics and patterns of de-prescribing since OSI implementation for opioid users at > 90 morphine equivalent daily dose for at least 90 days for those that discontinued opioids within the VA. DESIGN: Retrospective observational pre-post intervention medication use evaluation using VA data and electronic health records to identify differences in opioid de-prescribing between fiscal year 2013 (FY13; early OSI) and FY17 (late OSI). Reviewers' insights for local opioid management and de-prescribing practices collected through web-based post-data collection survey. PARTICIPANTS: Veterans prescribed high-dose long-term opioid therapy in FY13 and FY17 who subsequently discontinued opioids at 27 VA medical centers. MAIN MEASURES: Chart review data from local facility reviewers identified socioeconomic characteristics, opioid de-prescribing rationale (e.g., risk-benefit, diversion) and practices (e.g., rate of opioid discontinuation, taper monitoring activities, withdrawal monitoring), and outcomes following discontinuation. KEY RESULTS: Among 315 patients in FY13 and 322 patients in FY17 with opioid discontinuation, discontinuation rationale focused on diversion in FY13 and risk-benefit in FY17. Clinical pharmacists and pain management specialists had increased involvement in FY17 opioid discontinuations (36% versus 16%). Of all discontinuations, 56% of patients were tapered in FY13 versus 70% of patients in FY17. Tapering plans were longer in FY17 than in FY13 (163 days versus 65 days). Transitions to non-opioid pain therapy following opioid discontinuation were higher in FY17 compared to FY13 (70% versus 60%). CONCLUSIONS: Veterans discontinued from high-dose long-term opioids in FY17 were more optimally managed compared to those in FY13. Findings suggest improvements in opioid de-prescribing following OSI implementation, but interpretation is limited by study design.

Increasing rural patient access using clinical pharmacy specialist providers: Successful practice integration within the Department of Veterans Affairs.

PURPOSE: Access to care is a critical issue facing healthcare and affects patients living in rural and underserved areas more significantly. This led the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to launch a project that leveraged the expertise of the clinical pharmacy specialist (CPS) provider, embedding 180 CPS providers into primary care, mental health, and pain management across the nation. METHODS: This multidimensional project resulted in hiring 111 CPS providers in primary care, 40 CPS providers in mental health, and 35 CPS providers in pain management to serve rural veterans' needs. From October 2017 to March 2020, CPS providers provided direct patient care to 213,477 veterans within 606,987 visits. This was an average of 43,000 additional visits each quarter to support comprehensive medication management services, demonstrating an additional 219,823 visits in fiscal year 2018 and 232,030 visits in fiscal year 2019. Over the course of the project, the team provided mentorship to 164 CPS providers, performed consultative visits at 27 VA facilities, and trained 180 CPS providers in educational boot camps. CONCLUSION: VA funding of rural health initiatives adding CPS providers to primary care, mental health, and pain teams has resulted in positive measures of comprehensive medication management, interdisciplinary team satisfaction, facility leadership acceptance, and multiple positive outcomes.

Increasing access to care using clinical pharmacy specialist providers in outpatient mental health: Successful practice integration within the Department of Veterans Affairs.

BACKGROUND: To highlight the role and impact of the mental health (MH) clinical pharmacist provider in outpatient MH through successful practice integration into team-based care. OBJECTIVE: The MH clinical pharmacy specialist (CPS) provider serves in many key roles to improve patient-centered care and medication outcomes by supporting the needs of the MH team, patients, and caregivers in areas of comprehensive medication management. MH CPS providers are integrated as MH providers in general and specialty MH clinics, behavioral health clinics embedded in primary care, residential rehabilitation facilities, specialty MH programs, and in inpatient MH units to improve access, quality, and safety. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION: There is a shortage of psychiatrists across the United States, which affects the ability to provide MH care to patients. PRACTICE INNOVATION: There is a need to transform the MH team to include clinicians focused on providing services to the growing population with MH conditions; hence, the expertise of the MH CPS is an asset to increase access to comprehensive medication management services. EVALUATION: The MH CPS provider serves patients with a variety of MH conditions, managing medication-related adverse events, performing ongoing and acute medication monitoring, and collaborating with other health care providers for management of new diagnoses. RESULTS: The MH CPS provider improves access to care, clinical outcomes, and safety when deployed as direct patient care providers on Veterans Affairs (VA) interprofessional care teams. VA MH clinical pharmacy practice continues to demonstrate what the MH CPS provider, practicing at the top of their license, can achieve as a core member in MH team-based care. CONCLUSION: These foundational concepts can be applied to further expand MH clinical pharmacy practice into non-VA settings through the use collaborative practice agreements and integration into interprofessional care teams, providing access to patients in need of MH care.

Multiple Sources of Prescription Payment and Risky Opioid Therapy Among Veterans.

BACKGROUND: Opioid overdose and other related harms are a major source of morbidity and mortality among US Veterans, in part due to high-risk opioid prescribing. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether having multiple sources of payment for opioids-as a marker for out-of-system access-is associated with risky opioid therapy among veterans. RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional study examining the association between multiple sources of payment and risky opioid therapy among all individuals with Veterans Health Administration (VHA) payment for opioid analgesic prescriptions in Kentucky during fiscal year 2014-2015. MEASURES: Source of payment categories: (1) VHA only source of payment (sole source); (2) sources of payment were VHA and at least 1 cash payment [VHA+cash payment(s)] whether or not there was a third source of payment; and (3) at least one other noncash source: Medicare, Medicaid, or private insurance [VHA+noncash source(s)]. Our outcomes were 2 risky opioid therapies: combination opioid/benzodiazepine therapy and high-dose opioid therapy, defined as morphine equivalent daily dose ≥90 mg. RESULTS: Of the 14,795 individuals in the analytic sample, there were 81.9% in the sole source category, 6.6% in the VHA+cash payment(s) category, and 11.5% in the VHA+noncash source(s) category. In logistic regression, controlling for age and sex, persons with multiple payment sources had significantly higher odds of each risky opioid therapy, with those in the VHA+cash having significantly higher odds than those in the VHA+noncash source(s) group. CONCLUSIONS: Prescribers should examine the prescription monitoring program as multiple payment sources increase the odds of risky opioid therapy.

VA Academic Detailing Service: Implementation and Lessons Learned.

A pharmacist-led, evidence-based academic detailing program provided educational materials and training to health care providers in VISN 21 and 22.