Estrategias de tratamiento en la metástasis vertebral. Necesidad de comités multidisciplinarios desde la perspectiva del cirujano. Narración de la literatura / Treatment strategies in vertebral metastasis. Need for multidisciplinary committees from the perspective of the surgeon. Narration of literatura

Las mejoras en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer han mejorado la supervivencia. Secundariamente también aumenta el número de estos pacientes que presentan una metástasis vertebral y el número con alguna morbilidad en relación con estas metástasis. Fractura vertebral, compresión radicular o lesión medular causan un deterioro de su calidad de vida. El objetivo en el tratamiento de las mismas ha de ser el control del dolor, mantenimiento función neurológica y de la estabilidad vertebral, teniendo presente que en muchos casos será un tratamiento paliativo.El tratamiento de estas complicaciones presenta un enfoque multidisciplinario, radiólogos, radiólogos intervencionistas, oncólogos y radioterapeutas, cirujanos de raquis, pero también Unidad de Rehabilitación o Unidad de Dolor. Recientes trabajos muestran que un enfoque multidisciplinario de estos pacientes puede mejorar calidad de vida e incluso pronóstico.En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión y lectura de la bibliografía sobre el manejo multidisciplinario de estos pacientes.(AU)

Improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment have improved survival. Secondarily, the number of patients who present a vertebral metastasis and the number with some morbidity in relation to these metastases also increases. Vertebral fracture, root compression or spinal cord injury cause a deterioration of their quality of life.The objective in the treatment of the vertebral metastasis must be the control of pain, maintenance of neurological function and vertebral stability, bearing in mind that in most cases it will be a palliative treatment.The treatment of these complications needs a multidisciplinary approach, radiologists, interventional radiologists, oncologists and radiation therapists, spine surgeons, but also rehabilitation or pain units. Recent studies show that a multidisciplinary approach of these patients can improve quality of life and even prognosis.In the present article, a review and reading of the literature on the multidisciplinary management of these patients is carried out.(AU)

[Translated article] Treatment strategies in vertebral metastasis. Need for multidisciplinary committees from the perspective of the surgeon. Narration of literature / Estrategias de tratamiento en la metástasis vertebral. Necesidad de comités multidisciplinarios desde la perspectiva del cirujano. Narración de la literatura

Las mejoras en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer han mejorado la supervivencia. Secundariamente también aumenta el número de estos pacientes que presentan una metástasis vertebral y el número con alguna morbilidad en relación con estas metástasis. Fractura vertebral, compresión radicular o lesión medular causan un deterioro de su calidad de vida. El objetivo en el tratamiento de las mismas ha de ser el control del dolor, mantenimiento función neurológica y de la estabilidad vertebral, teniendo presente que en muchos casos será un tratamiento paliativo.El tratamiento de estas complicaciones presenta un enfoque multidisciplinario, radiólogos, radiólogos intervencionistas, oncólogos y radioterapeutas, cirujanos de raquis, pero también Unidad de Rehabilitación o Unidad de Dolor. Recientes trabajos muestran que un enfoque multidisciplinario de estos pacientes puede mejorar calidad de vida e incluso pronóstico.En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión y lectura de la bibliografía sobre el manejo multidisciplinario de estos pacientes.(AU)

Improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment have improved survival. Secondarily, the number of patients who present a vertebral metastasis and the number with some morbidity in relation to these metastases also increases. Vertebral fracture, root compression or spinal cord injury cause a deterioration of their quality of life.The objective in the treatment of the vertebral metastasis must be the control of pain, maintenance of neurological function and vertebral stability, bearing in mind that in most cases it will be a palliative treatment.The treatment of these complications needs a multidisciplinary approach, radiologists, interventional radiologists, oncologists and radiation therapists, spine surgeons, but also rehabilitation or pain units. Recent studies show that a multidisciplinary approach of these patients can improve quality of life and even prognosis.In the present article, a review and reading of the literature on the multidisciplinary management of these patients is carried out.(AU)

[Translated article] Treatment strategies in vertebral metastasis. Need for multidisciplinary committees from the perspective of the surgeon. Narration of literature.

Improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment have improved survival. Secondarily, the number of patients who present a vertebral metastasis and the number with some morbidity in relation to these metastases also increase. Vertebral fracture, root compression or spinal cord injury cause a deterioration of their quality of life. The objective in the treatment of the vertebral metastasis must be the control of pain, maintenance of neurological function and vertebral stability, bearing in mind that in most cases it will be a palliative treatment. The treatment of these complications needs a multidisciplinary approach, radiologists, interventional radiologists, oncologists and radiation therapists, spine surgeons, but also rehabilitation or pain units. Recent studies show that a multidisciplinary approach of these patients can improve quality of life and even prognosis. In the present article, a review and reading of the literature on the multidisciplinary management of these patients is carried out.

Treatment strategies in vertebral metastasis. Need for multidisciplinary committees from the perspective of the surgeon. Narration of literatura. / Estrategias de tratamiento en la metástasis vertebral. Necesidad de comités multidisciplinarios desde la perspectiva del cirujano. Narración de la literatura.

Improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment have improved survival. Secondarily, the number of patients who present a vertebral metastasis and the number with some morbidity in relation to these metastases also increases. Vertebral fracture, root compression or spinal cord injury cause a deterioration of their quality of life. The objective in the treatment of the vertebral metastasis must be the control of pain, maintenance of neurological function and vertebral stability, bearing in mind that in most cases it will be a palliative treatment. The treatment of these complications needs a multidisciplinary approach, radiologists, interventional radiologists, oncologists and radiation therapists, spine surgeons, but also rehabilitation or pain units. Recent studies show that a multidisciplinary approach of these patients can improve quality of life and even prognosis. In the present article, a review and reading of the literature on the multidisciplinary management of these patients is carried out.

Analysis of Minerals as Electrode Materials for Ca-based Rechargeable Batteries.

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries dominate the consumer electronics and electric vehicle markets. However, concerns on Li availability have prompted the development of alternative high energy density electrochemical energy storage systems. Rechargeable batteries based on a Ca metal anode can exhibit advantages in terms of energy density, safety and cost. The development of rechargeable Ca metal batteries requires the identification of suitable high specific energy cathode materials. This work focuses on Ca-bearing minerals because they represent stable and abundant compounds. Suitable minerals should contain a transition metal able of being reversibly reduced and oxidized, which points to several major classes of silicates and carbonates: olivine (CaFeSiO4; kirschsteinite), pyroxene (CaFe/MnSi2O6; hedenbergite and johannsenite, respectively), garnet (Ca3Fe/Cr2Si3O12; andradite and uvarovite, respectively), amphibole (Ca2Fe5Si8O22(OH)2; ferroactinolite) and double carbonates (CaMn(CO3)2; kutnahorite and CaFe(CO3)2; ankerite). This work discusses their electrode characteristics based on crystal chemistry analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results indicate that upon Ca deintercalation, compounds such as pyroxene, garnet and double carbonate minerals could display high theoretical energy densities (ranging from 780 to 1500 Wh/kg) with moderate structural modifications. As a downside, DFT calculations indicate a hampered Ca mobility in their crystal structures. The overall analysis then disregards olivine, garnet, pyroxene, amphibole and double carbonates as structural types for future Ca-cathode materials design.

High-pressure investigation of Li2MnSiO4 and Li2CoSiO4 electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

In this work, the high-pressure behavior of Pmn2(1)-Li(2)MnSiO(4) and Pbn2(1)-Li(2)CoSiO(4) is followed by in situ X-ray diffraction at room temperature. Bulk moduli are 81 and 95 GPa for Pmn2(1)-Li(2)MnSiO(4) and Pbn2(1)-Li(2)CoSiO(4), respectively. Regardless of the moderate values of the bulk moduli, there is no evidence of any phase transformation up to a pressure of 15 GPa. Pmn2(1)-Li(2)MnSiO(4) shows an unusual expansion of the a lattice parameter upon compression. A density functional theory investigation yields lattice parameter variations and bulk moduli in good agreement with experiments. The calculated data indicate that expansion of the a lattice parameter is inherent to the crystal structure and independent of the nature of the transition-metal atom (M). The absence of pressure-driven phase transformation is likely associated with the incapability of the Li(2)MSiO(4) composition to adopt denser structures while avoiding large electrostatic repulsions.

Factores dietéticos asociados al cáncer de próstata. Beneficios de la dieta mediterránea / Dietetic Factors Associated With Prostate Cancer. Protective Effects of Mediterranean Diet

Objetivo: Revisar los factores de riesgo (FR) dietéticos implicados, con mayor o menor evidencia científica, en la etiopatogenia del carcinoma de próstata (CP), especialmente los característicos de la tradicional dieta mediterránea (DM). Material y métodos: Revisión bibliográfica de los FR dietéticos asociados al CP obtenida de MedLine, CancerLit, Science Citation Index y Embase. Los perfiles de búsqueda han sido Dietetic Factors/ Nutritional Factors/ Mediterranean Diet/ Primary Prevention y Prostate Cancer. Resultados: Los FR dietéticos se asocian al 35% de las muertes por cáncer y al 10-12% del CP. Los principales FR dietéticos, implicados en el CP y característicos de la DM, son los siguientes: ingesta diaria y elevada de alimentos vegetales (cereales, legumbres, frutas frescas-secas, tubérculos, verduras, etc.); consumo de aceite de oliva como lípido habitual; baja ingesta de grasa saturada animal, carne roja y procesada, leche y derivados; consumo regular de pescado pequeño; y escaso consumo alcohólico (vino en las comidas). La DM proporciona numerosos compuestos fitoactivos (licopeno, lupeol, quercetina, genisteína, carnosol, resveratrol, catequinas, vitaminas, etc.) con efectos protectores del CP. Conclusiones: Los FR dietéticos influencian la carcinogénesis prostática. Para conocer con más exactitud los FR dietéticos implicados en el CP son necesarios mejores diseños epidemiológicos. La mayor adherencia a la DM, en contraste con las dietas occidentales, se asocia a menor riesgo de CP. El denominador común del efecto preventivo de la DM se basa en la gran cantidad y calidad de fitoquímicos con propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias (AU)

Objective: To review diet risk factors (RF) implied, more or less evidence-based, in the etiopathology of prostate carcinoma (PC), especially those that characterize the traditional mediterranean diet (MD). Material and methods: Literature review of PC related diet RF in MedLine, CancerLit, Science Citation Index y Embase. Search profiles were "Dietetic Factors/Nutritional Factors/Mediterranean Diet/Primary Prevention", and "Prostate Cancer". Results: Diet RF are associated with 35% of cancer mortality and 10-12% of PC mortality. The main diet RF, implied in the development of PC but with a protective effect, which are considered characteristic of MD are: high daily ingestion of vegetarian products (cereals, legums, dried and fresh fruits, tubercles, vegetables..); olive oil as main lipid source; low intake of animal saturated fat, processed red meat, milk and dairy products; regular consumption of small fish; and low alcohol intake (wine with meals). The MD contains many phytoactive compounds (lycopene, lupeol, quercetin, genistein, carnosol, resveratrol, catechins, vitamins...) with PC protective effects. Conclusions: Diet RF have a role on prostatic carcinogenesis. Further epidemiologic studies with better designs are needed to clarify PC related diet RF. PC risk is reduced in persons on MD compared with those on western diet. The preventive effect of MD is due to the great number and quality of phytochemicals with antioxidant and antinflammatory properties that contains (AU)

Actitudes, creencias y conocimientos de los pediatras sobre salud medioambiental en Murcia / Pediatrician attitudes, beliefs and knowledge about environmental health in Murcia, Spain

Objetivo: Estudiar las actitudes, las creencias y los conocimientos sobre salud medioambiental pediátrica (SMAP) de los pediatras de la Región de Murcia (RM). Método: Encuesta autocumplimentada, basada en los conocimientos teórico-prácticos sobre SMAP, enviada por correo postal en 2007 a los 293 pediatras que trabajan en la RM. Resultados: Respondieron 164 (56%). El 70% trabaja en atención primaria. El 5% pertenece a alguna organización no gubernamental medioambiental. Según los pediatras, los factores que más afectan a la salud infantil (sobre una puntuación máxima de 10) son: contaminantes del aire interior-tabaco (7,78), lesiones/accidentes (6,64) y contaminación del aire exterior (5,13). El 45% no registra información ambiental en las historias clínicas. Las consultas más frecuentes de los padres (de 1 a 4) son sobre lesiones y accidentes (2,16), radiación ultravioleta (2,06) y contaminación del agua de bebida (2,05). Las enfermedades respiratorias son las más relacionadas con la salud medioambiental. Conclusiones: Se debería asegurar que el contenido de la SMAP sea obligatorio en la enseñanza y la preparación de los futuros pediatras (pregrado, posgrado, formación continuada). Este trabajo podría ayudar a evaluar las necesidades y planificarlas acciones formativas en SMAP(AU)

Objective: To study pediatrician attitudes, beliefs and knowledge about pediatric environmental health (PEH) in the region of Murcia, Spain. Method: Were mailed a self administered survey based on theoretical and practical knowledge about issues related to PEH of 293 paediatricians working in the Region of Murcia. Results: The overall response rate was 56%. About 70% of respondents worked in Primary Care and 5% belonged to anon-governmental organization (NGO). Pediatricians stated that the factors most affecting the health of children (maximum score 10) were: indoor air pollutants (7.78) injuries and accidents (6.64), and outdoor air pollution (5.13). 45% did not systematically record information about the environments in the clinical registry. The most frequently asked questions by parents were (maximum score 4) related to: injuries and accidents (2.16), ultraviolet radiation (2.06) and contamination of drinking water (2.05). Pediatricians considered respiratory diseases to be most strongly related to the environment. Conclusions: Pediatric associations and institutions should include an EH syllabus in the curriculum of pregraduate and graduate students as well as in the continuing education of paediatricians. This work would help needs assessment and planning the training in PEH(AU)

[Dietetic factors associated with prostate cancer: protective effects of Mediterranean diet]. / Factores dietéticos asociados al cáncer de próstata. Beneficios de la dieta mediterránea.

OBJECTIVE: To review diet risk factors (RF) implied, more or less evidence-based, in the etiopathology of prostate carcinoma (PC), especially those that characterize the traditional Mediterranean diet (MD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Literature review of PC related diet RF in MedLine, CancerLit, Science Citation Index y Embase. Search profiles were "Dietetic Factors/Nutritional Factors/Mediterranean Diet/Primary Prevention", and "Prostate Cancer". RESULTS: Diet RF are associated with 35% of cancer mortality and 10-12% of PC mortality. The main diet RF, implied in the development of PC but with a protective effect, which are considered characteristic of MD are: high daily ingestion of vegetarian products (cereals, legumes, dried and fresh fruits, tubers, vegetables..); olive oil as main lipid source; low intake of animal saturated fat, processed red meat, milk and dairy products; regular consumption of small fish; and low alcohol intake (wine with meals). The MD contains many phytoactive compounds (lycopene, lupeol, quercetin, genistein, carnosol, resveratrol, catechins, vitamins..) with PC protective effects. CONCLUSIONS: Diet RF have a role on prostatic carcinogenesis. Further epidemiologic studies with better designs are needed to clarify PC related diet RF. PC risk is reduced in persons on MD compared with those on Western diet. The preventive effect of MD is due to the great number and quality of phytochemicals with antioxidant and antinflammatory properties that contains.

Factores de riesgo constitucionales en el cáncer de próstata / Constitutional risk factors in prostate cancer

Introducción: en esta revisión se pretende actualizar y divulgar los principales factores de riesgo constitucionales implicados en la etiopatogenia del cáncer de próstata. Material y métodos: revisión bibliográfica de la literatura científica acerca de los factores de riesgo constitucionales asociados a cáncer de próstata entre 1985 y 2010, obtenida de MedLine, Cancer Lit, Science Citation Index y Embase. Los perfiles de búsqueda han sido Risk Factors, Genetic Factors, Genetic Polymorphisms, Genomics, Etiology, Epidemiology, Hormonal Factors,Endocrinology, Primary Prevention y Prostate Cancer. Resultados: los principales factores de riesgo constitucionales son: edad (antes de los 50 años se diagnostican menos del 0,7% de estas neoplasias y en mayores de 65 años, entre el 75-85%),étnico-raciales y geográficos (los afroamericanos presentan las mayores tasas de incidencia y las más bajas en el sudeste asiático), genéticos, familiares y hereditarios (los síndromes familiares engloban el 13-26% de todos los cánceres de próstata, de los cuales el 5% se heredan de forma autosómica dominante), hormonales (es un tumor hormonodependiente), antropométricos (la obesidad incrementa el riesgo), perinatales, hipertensión arterial y diabetes tipo 2. Conclusiones: los factores de riesgo constitucionales desarrollan un papel muy importante en la etiopatogenia del cáncer prostático, especialmente la edad, los factores étnico-raciales geográficos y los factores genético-familiares. No podemos saber qué porcentaje de estas neoplasias se atribuye a factores constitucionales, porque el conocimiento de dichos factores es actualmente incompleto (AU)

Introduction: The aim of this review is to update and divulge the main constitutional risk factors involved in the etiopathology of prostate cancer. Materials and methods: Bibliographic review of the scientific literature on the constitutional risk factors associated with prostate cancer between 1985 and 2010, obtained from MedLine, Cancer Lit, Science Citation Index and Embase. The search profiles were Risk Factors, Genetic Factors, Genetic Polymorphisms, Genomics, Etiology, Epidemiology, Hormonal Factors, Endocrinology, Primary Prevention and Prostate Cancer. Results: The principal constitutional risk factors are: age (before the age of 50 years at least 0.7% of these neoplasms are diagnosed and between 75-85% are diagnosed after the age of 65 years), ethnic-racial and geographic (African Americans present the highest incidence rates, and the lowest are found in South East Asia), genetic, family and hereditary (family syndromes cover 13-26% of all prostate cancers, of which 5% are of autosomal dominant inheritance), hormonal (it is a hormone-dependent tumour), anthropometric (obesity increases the risk), perinatal, arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: Constitutional risk factors play a very important role in the etiopathology of prostate cancer, especially age, ethnic-racial-geographic factors and genetic-family factors. We cannot know what percentage of these neoplasms are a result of constitutional factors, because our knowledge of these factors is currently lacking (AU)

Factores de riesgo ambientales no dietéticos en el cáncer de próstata / Constitutional Risk Factors In Prostate Cancer

Introducción: Se pretende actualizar y divulgar los principales factores de riesgo ambientales, excluyendo los dietéticos, implicados en la etiopatogenia del cáncer de próstata. Material y método: Revisión bibliográfica de los últimos 25 años de los factores de riesgo ambientales no dietéticos asociados a cáncer de próstata entre 1985 y 2010, obtenida del Med-Line, CancerLit, Science Citation Index y Embase. Los perfiles de búsqueda han sido Environmental Risk Factors/Tobacco/Infectious-Inlammation Factors/Pesticides/Vasectomy/OccupationalExposures/Chemoprevention Agents/Radiation y «Cáncer de Próstata». Resultados: Mientras que algunos factores de riesgo ambientales no dietéticos incrementan el riesgo de padecer la enfermedad, otros lo disminuyen. Entre los primeros destacan la exposición al humo del tabaco; los procesos prostáticos infecto-inflamatorios crónicos y la exposición profesional al cadmio, herbicidas y pesticidas. Los principales factores que reducen el riesgo es elempleo de fármacos quimiopreventivos (finasterida, dutasterida) y la exposición a la radiación ultravioleta solar. La vasectomía, con los datos actuales, no influye en el riesgo de desarrollarla enfermedad. Conclusiones: El lento proceso de carcinogénesis prostática es el resultado final de la interacción de factores de riesgo constitucionales y ambientales. Los factores ambientales no dietéticos desempeñan un papel importante en la etiopatogenia de esta enfermedad. Para valorar apropiadamente los factores de riesgo deben analizarse grandes casuísticas que incluyan todas las variables posibles (AU)

Introduction: The aim is to update and disclose the main environmental risk factors, excluding dietary factors, involved in the etiopathology of prostate cancer. Materials and method: Bibliographic review of the last 25 years of non-dietary environmental risk factors associated with prostate cancer between 1985 and 2010, obtained from MedLine, CancerLit, Science Citation Index and Embase. The search profiles were Environmental RiskFactors/Tobacco/Infectious-Inflammatory Factors/Pesticides/Vasectomy/Occupational Exposures/Chemoprevention Agents/Radiation and Prostate Cancer. Results: While some non-dietary environmental risk factors increase the risk of acquiring the disease, others decrease it. Of the former, it is worth mentioning exposal to tobacco smoke, chronic infectious-inflammatory prostatic processes and occupational exposure to cadmium, herbicides and pesticides. The first factors that reduce the risk are the use of chemopreventive drugs (Finasterida, Dutasteride) and exposure to ultraviolet solar radiation. With the current data, a vasectomy does not influence the risk of developing the disease. Conclusions: The slow process of prostate carcinogenesis is the final result of the interaction of constitutional risk and environmental factors. Non-dietary environmental factors play an important role in the etiopathology of this disease. To appropriately assess the risk factors, extensive case studies that include all the possible variables must be analysed (AU)

[Constitutional risk factors in prostate cancer]. / Factores de riesgo constitucionales en el cáncer de próstata.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this review is to update and divulge the main constitutional risk factors involved in the etiopathology of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bibliographic review of the scientific literature on the constitutional risk factors associated with prostate cancer between 1985 and 2010, obtained from MedLine, CancerLit, Science Citation Index and Embase. The search profiles were Risk Factors, Genetic Factors, Genetic Polymorphisms, Genomics, Etiology, Epidemiology, Hormonal Factors, Endocrinology, Primary Prevention and Prostate Cancer. RESULTS: The principal constitutional risk factors are: age (before the age of 50 years at least 0.7% of these neoplasms are diagnosed and between 75-85% are diagnosed after the age of 65 years), ethnic-racial and geographic (African Americans present the highest incidence rates, and the lowest are found in South East Asia), genetic, family and hereditary (family syndromes cover 13-26% of all prostate cancers, of which 5% are of autosomal dominant inheritance), hormonal (it is a hormone-dependent tumour), anthropometric (obesity increases the risk), perinatal, arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Constitutional risk factors play a very important role in the etiopathology of prostate cancer, especially age, ethnic-racial-geographic factors and genetic-family factors. We cannot know what percentage of these neoplasms are a result of constitutional factors, because our knowledge of these factors is currently lacking.

[Non dietetic environmental risk factors in prostate cancer]. / Factores de riesgo ambientales no dietéticos en el cáncer de próstata.

INTRODUCTION: The aim is to update and disclose the main environmental risk factors, excluding dietary factors, involved in the etiopathology of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Bibliographic review of the last 25 years of non-dietary environmental risk factors associated with prostate cancer between 1985 and 2010, obtained from MedLine, CancerLit, Science Citation Index and Embase. The search profiles were Environmental Risk Factors/Tobacco/Infectious-Inflammatory Factors/Pesticides/Vasectomy/Occupational Exposures/Chemoprevention Agents/Radiation and Prostate Cancer. RESULTS: While some non-dietary environmental risk factors increase the risk of acquiring the disease, others decrease it. Of the former, it is worth mentioning exposal to tobacco smoke, chronic infectious-inflammatory prostatic processes and occupational exposure to cadmium, herbicides and pesticides. The first factors that reduce the risk are the use of chemopreventive drugs (Finasterida, Dutasteride) and exposure to ultraviolet solar radiation. With the current data, a vasectomy does not influence the risk of developing the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The slow process of prostate carcinogenesis is the final result of the interaction of constitutional risk and environmental factors. Non-dietary environmental factors play an important role in the etiopathology of this disease. To appropriately assess the risk factors, extensive case studies that include all the possible variables must be analysed.

APCI/APPI for synthetic polymer analysis.

Modern mass spectrometry of synthetic polymers involves soft ionization techniques. Whereas matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray (ESI) are employed routinely, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and more recently atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) are used to a lesser extent. However, these latter ionization methods coupled to liquid-phase separation techniques create new opportunities for the characterization of polymers, especially for low molecular weight compounds or for the polymers that are poorly ionizable by the usual methods. After a part devoted to the description of classical MS methods employed for polymer analysis (MALDI, ESI, and their use with chromatography), APCI and APPI techniques will be described, discussed, and selected examples will present the interest of these ionization sources (or interfaces for LC/MS) in the field of polymer analysis.

Insuficiencia respiratoria global como primera manifestación de una neoplasia testicular. A propósito de un caso / Global respiratory failure as the presentation form of testicular neoplasia. A case report

Los tumores testiculares son las neoplasias más frecuentes en el grupo de edad entre 15 y 35 años, teniendo una alta tasa de curación, no obstante, siguen apareciendo debuts tardíos con manifestaciones metastásicas atípicas que pueden provocar un diagnóstico inicial erróneo. Presentamos el caso cínico de un paciente de 26 años con neoplasia testicular cuya primera sintomatología fue un cuadro de dificultad respiratoria, sensación distérmica y nerviosismo, cuyo estado de salud empeoró progresivamente siendo necesario su ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (AU)

Testicular tumors are the most common malignancies in the 15–35 years age group. They have a high recovery rate but late onsets may appear with atypical metastatic signs, which may lead to an erroneous initial diagnosis. We report a clinical case of a 26 years old patient with testicular neoplasm whose first symptoms were the presence of respiratory distress, feeling feverish and nervousness. His health condition progressively worsened and required admission to the intensive care unit (AU)

Efectos en la salud pediátrica de la radiación electromagnética de frecuencias extremadamente bajas / Effects on pediatric health of extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation

Introducción y objetivos. La radiación electromagnética de frecuencias extremadamente bajas (REM-FEB) procede principalmente de las instalaciones eléctricas; aunque éstas presentan innumerables ventajas, la radiación asociada tiene efectos adversos en la salud humana. Esta publicación tiene dos objetivos: a) divulgar los efectos adversos que las REM-FEB producen en la población infantil; y b) resaltar la especial vulnerabilidad e indefensión de nuestros niños. Material y métodos. Revisión sistemática de los principales trabajos publicados en MEDLINE, EMBASE, CANCERLIT, LILACS, y Scielo, durante los últimos 25 años, sobre los efectos de la REM-FEB en la salud infantil. El perfil de búsqueda utilizado ha sido la combinación de “pediatric health effects” y “ acute childhhod leukemia2 con “extremely low-frequency fields” y “residential electromagnetic fields”. Resultados. La población infantil presenta efectos adversos a la exposición de la REM-FEB, aguda o accidental (quemaduras, electrocución, traumatismos, etc) y crónica. La International Commission on No-Ionizing Radiation Pretection recomienda como seguras, para la población adulta, exposiciones crónicas inferiores a 100µT. La exposición residencia infantil a dosis superiores a 0,3-0,4µT incrementa el riesgo a desarrollar leucemias agudas (LA). Se desconoce el mecanismo carcinogénico implicado, pero entre las hipótesis más barajadas destacan las de corrientes de contacto y la alteración de la melatonina. La ausencia de un mecanismo biológico conocido y la falta de reproducibilidad en animales de experimentación impiden que la asociación entre la REM-FEB y la LA infantil se considere causal. Actualmente no existen datos estadísticamente significativos para asociar dicha exposición con tumores del sistema nervioso central y otras patologías fetales e infantiles. Conclusiones. La REM – FEB constituye un contaminante ambiental físico omnipresente en los países industrializados. La población pediátrica es especialmente vulnerable a exposiciones crónicas a la REM-FEB, consideradas como seguras para los adultos. La exposición residencial a campos magnéticos iguales o superiores a 0,4 µT, incrementa un 100% el riesgo a desarrollar LA infantil, respecto a exposiciones menores a 0,1 µT, con resultados estadísticamente significativos. A pesar de no haber encontrado un mecanismo causal, la aplicación del principio de precaución es fundamental para proteger la salud infantil (AU)

Introduction and objectives. Electromagnetic fields of extremely low frequencies (EMF-ELF) generated by electric energy, besides its many advantages, produces adverse effects on human health. This article has two objectives: a) to divulge the adverse effects caused by EMF-ELF on pediatric population; and b) to underscore the special vulnerability and defenselessness of children. Material and methods. Systematic review of the published articles in Medline, Embase, Cancerlit, Lilacs, and Scielo on the effects of EMF-EKF on paediatric health during the last 25 years. The search profile combined “paediatric health effects” or “acute childhood leukaemia” and “extremely low-frequency fields” or “residential electromagnetic fields”. Results. The exposure to EMF-ELF causes both acute or accidental (burns, electrocution, traumatism) and chronic adverse effects in children. The International Commission on No-Ionizing Radiation Protection recommends as secure chronic exposure for adult figures under 100 µT. A higher risk of developing acute leukaemia (AL) is associated with home paediatric exposure > 0.3-0.4 . Based on these data, the International Agency of Cancer Research (IARC) classifies EMF-ELF as possible carcinogen (2B). Although the implied carcinogen mechanism is still unknown, the most likely hypotheses are the contact current and the melatonin disorder. A causal relationship between EMF-ELF and AL is not still established due to the absence of a sound biological mechanism and the lack of reproducibility in experimental animals. Nowadays, the development of central nervous system tumours and other fetal and infant disorders is not statistically related to EMF-ELF exposure. Conclusions. EMF-ELF is considered a physical environmental pollutant in industrialized nations. Chronic exposure limits considered safe for adults are deleterious for children. The relative risk of developing AL is increased 100% in children with chronic home exposure≥0.4 µT compared with those with 0.1 µT. In spite of the absence of scientifically proved causal relationship, the application of the precaution principle is necessary to protect paediaric health and wellbeing (AU)

Fibroma desmoplásico de la mandíbula: un tumor de presentación muy infrecuente / Desmoplastic fibroma of the jaw: a rare kind of tumour

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¿Qué decides?: una propuesta para la prevención y deshabituación del consumo de tabaco y cannabis en la adolescencia / ¿What do you decide?: a proposal for prevention and cessation of tobacco and cannabis addiction in adolescence

Introducción: El tabaquismo y el consumo de cannabis tienen graves consecuencias sobre la salud pública y los resultados de un tratamiento son pobres por el elevado número de recaídas. Objetivo: Proponer un programa de prevención y/o deshabituación del consumo de tabaco y cannabis en adolescentes que utilice la exposición a estímulos desencadenantes del consumo, asistida por medios audi-visuales, para reducir el número de nuevos consumidores y de recaídas. Método: Revisión de la situación actual de consumo de tabaco y cannabis y de los programas psicológicos empleados en su prevención y deshabituación. Elaboración de un programa de tratamiento psicológico que incorpore la terapia de exposición, asistida por medios audio-visuales. Resultados: No se ha encontrado trabajos que hayan incluido esta nueva modalidad de terapia de exposición en el programa terapéutico del tabaquismo y/o del cannabis. Se propone terapéutico del tabaquismo y/o del cannabis. Se propone un programa psicológico multicomponente abreviado, complementado con sesiones de exposición mental proyecciones audio-visuales personalizadas con escenas especialmente diseñadas para aplicar las técnicas de autocontrol cognitivo-conductales aprendidas en las primeras sesiones. El objetivo de estas sesiones de exposición es el refuerzo de la prevención del consumo en los no fumadores y la consolidación de los logros y la prevención de recaídas en los antiguos fumadores. Conclusión: El programa presentado, denominado “¿Qué decides?”, puede mejorar los resultados de la prevención y deshabituación del consumo de tabaco y cannabis reduciendo los nuevos consumidores y las recaídas (AU)

Background: Tobacco and cannabis smoking has deleterious effects on public health and its treatment has poor results due to its high relapse rate. Aim: To design at tobacco and cannabis smoking has deleterious effects on public health and its treatment has poor results due to its high relapse rate. Aim: To design a tobacco and cannabis cessation and prevention program in adolescence incorporating audiovisual cues in order to reduce the number of new consumers and the risk of relapse. Method: Literature review of tobacco and cannabis cessation and prevention psychological programs. Design a psychological program which includes exposure therapy using audiovisual cues. Results: Literature search failed to retrieve any psychological program which includes exposure therapy using audiovisual cues. Results: Literature search failed to retrieve any psychological program incorporating exposure therapy using tobacco or cannabis audiovisual cues. It is described an abridged psychological program which is followed by exposure sessions to personalized films with specifically designed environments, to put into practice those cognitive and behavioural techniques learned in the first sessions. Conclusion: This program, called “¿what do you decide?”, may reduce tobacco and cannabis consumption by cutting down the number of new consumers and the relapse rate (AU)

Modeling high pressure reactivity in unsaturated systems: application to dimethylacetylene.

A general model is introduced to study pressure-induced reactivity on unsaturated systems in the condensed state. The model is applied here to dimethylacetylene (DMA) in the solid phase II (C/2m) because it has been proposed that two DMA molecules can react to form tetramethyl-cyclobutadiene (TMCBD). The proposed reaction process has been modeled by studying the structural and electronic changes undergone by two DMA molecules as they approach each other preserving the crystal symmetry of phase II. Both monodeterminantal (MP2 and DFT) and multideterminantal (CASSCF and MRMP2) methodologies were used to check the reliability of our model in predicting the reactivity of the system under compression. In all cases, structural results are in agreement with low-temperature diffraction experiments for the solid phase II. Our model indicates that DMA is expected to form the TMCBD dimer at intermolecular distances close to 2 A. This value is in excellent agreement with previous calculations on the existence of long carbon-carbon bonds.