Resonancia magnética dinámica de mama: estudio comparativo de gadobutrol y Gd-DTPA / Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the breast: comparison of gadobutrol vs. Gd-DTPA

Objetivo. Evaluar el perfil farmacocinético del gadobutrol en comparación con el Gd-DTPA, en resonancia magnética de mama con contraste (RM-DC). El objetivo secundario es valorar la eficacia diagnóstica en la detección de lesiones adicionales tumorales en RM-DC, y el perfil de seguridad de ambos contrastes. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo y observacional que incluyó 400 pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de cáncer mamario. A 200 pacientes se les realizó RM-DC con contraste Gd-DTPA (Magnevist®) y a las otras 200 con gadobutrol (Gadovist®). Se analizaron los parámetros farmacocinéticos y la intensidad de señal mediante una ROI (region of interest) en el área intralesional con mayor intensidad de señal en las secuencias poscontraste. Se compararon las variables farmacocinéticas (Ktrans, Kep y Ve) y las curvas de intensidad de señal-tiempo de ambos grupos, así como el número de lesiones adicionales tumorales detectadas con ambos contrastes. Resultados. El realce relativo de intensidad de señal es más alto con gadobutrol que con Gd-DTPA. El gadobutrol muestra significativamente menos lavado (46%) que el Gd-DTPA (58,29%) (p=0,0323). Se observan valores más altos de Ktrans, Kep y Ve para el gadobutrol, siendo la diferencia estadísticamente significativa para los dos primeros parámetros (p=0,001). No se encuentran diferencias en el número de lesiones adicionales malignas confirmadas histológicamente (p=0,387). Conclusiones. El gadobutrol tiene valores más altos de realce, mientras que el Gd-DTPA muestra un lavado más marcado. El gadobutrol no es inferior en cuanto a número de lesiones adicionales malignas detectadas. Ambos contrastes son seguros (AU)

Objective. To compare the pharmacokinetic profile of gadobutrol versus Gd-DTPA in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) in patients with breast cancer. Secondary objectives included comparing the safety profiles and diagnostic efficacy of the two contrast agents for detecting additional malignant lesions. Material and methods. This retrospective observational study included 400 patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer; 200 underwent DCE-MRI with Gd-DTPA (Magnevist®) and 200 underwent DCE-MRI with gadobutrol (Gadovist®). Pharmacokinetic parameters and signal intensity were analyzed in a region of interest placed in the area within the lesion that had greatest signal intensity in postcontrast sequences. We compared the two groups on pharmacokinetic variables (Ktrans, Kep, and Ve), time-signal intensity curves, and the number of additional malignant lesions detected. Results. The relative signal intensity (enhancement) was higher with gadobutrol than with Gd-DTPA. Washout was lower with gadobutrol than with Gd-DTPA (46% vs. 58,29%, respectively; p=0,0323). Values for Ktrans and Kep were higher for gadobutrol (p=0,001). There were no differences in the number of histologically confirmed additional malignant lesions detected (p=0,387). Conclusions. Relative enhancement is greater with gadobutrol, but washout is more pronounced with Gd-DTPA. The number of additional malignant lesions detected did not differ between the two contrast agents. Both contrasts are safe (AU)

Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the breast: Comparison of gadobutrol vs. Gd-DTPA. / Resonancia magnética dinámica de mama: estudio comparativo de gadobutrol y Gd-DTPA.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pharmacokinetic profile of gadobutrol versus Gd-DTPA in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) in patients with breast cancer. Secondary objectives included comparing the safety profiles and diagnostic efficacy of the two contrast agents for detecting additional malignant lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study included 400 patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer; 200 underwent DCE-MRI with Gd-DTPA (Magnevist®) and 200 underwent DCE-MRI with gadobutrol (Gadovist®). Pharmacokinetic parameters and signal intensity were analyzed in a region of interest placed in the area within the lesion that had greatest signal intensity in postcontrast sequences. We compared the two groups on pharmacokinetic variables (Ktrans, Kep, and Ve), time-signal intensity curves, and the number of additional malignant lesions detected. RESULTS: The relative signal intensity (enhancement) was higher with gadobutrol than with Gd-DTPA. Washout was lower with gadobutrol than with Gd-DTPA (46% vs. 58,29%, respectively; p=0,0323). Values for Ktrans and Kep were higher for gadobutrol (p=0,001). There were no differences in the number of histologically confirmed additional malignant lesions detected (p=0,387). CONCLUSIONS: Relative enhancement is greater with gadobutrol, but washout is more pronounced with Gd-DTPA. The number of additional malignant lesions detected did not differ between the two contrast agents. Both contrasts are safe.

[Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: magnetic resonance and radiophatologic correlation]. / Carcinoma metaplásico de mama: resonancia magnética y correlación radiopatológica.

OBJECTIVES: To review our radiological experience in metaplastic carcinoma together with the clinical and histopathologic findings. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eight cases of histologically confirmed metaplastic carcinoma of breast were reviewed. Imaging findings from US, mammography and MRI, and immunohistochemistry results from preoperative biopsy were assessed. Conventional prognostic factors, chondral differentiation markers, striated and straight muscle markers, neural markers, cytokeratin, vimentin and intermediate filaments were determined. RESULTS: Eight patients aged ranged from 41-72 years. Metaplastic carcinoma presented as a palpable nodule in five cases, as a nipple retraction in ones case, and was discovered as an incidental mammographic finding in two. Mammographic appearance was a round, high-density nodule, measuring 10-50 mm, with variable margins in seven patients. One had architectural distortion. In three there were calcifications. Skin and nipple retraction appeared in one. On sonographic examination nodules were ill defined and showed low heterogeneous echogenicity. On MRI, T2-weighted images showed a relatively well-defined mass with high signal intensity. In the dynamic study, all showed contrast uptake, with signal-time intensity curves similar to those of infiltrating carcinoma of the breast. Histopathologic study found one squamous-cell, one sarcomatous, three chondroid, one giant-cell, one spindle-cell, and one acantholytic carcinoma, all of which were of high histologic grade. CONCLUSIONS: Metaplastic carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of a nodule presenting with high density and variable margins on mammography, low heterogeneous echogenicity and ill defined margins on sonography, and hyperintense at T2 with malignant enhancement at MR. Immunohistochemical assessment is mandatory for the final diagnosis. The radiologist can suggest this particular subtype of tumour.

Carcinoma metaplásico de mama: resonancia magnética y correlación radiopatológica / Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: magnetic resonance and radiophatologic correlation

Objetivos. Revisar nuestra experiencia en los hallazgos de imagen del carcinoma metaplásico, su presentación clínica y los hallazgos histopatológicos. Material y métodos. Revisión retrospectiva de ocho casos de carcinoma metaplásico de mama confirmados histopatológicamente. Se analizan los hallazgos ecográficos, mamográficos y por resonancia magnética, así como los estudios inmunohistoquímicos de la biopsia prequirúrgica. Se determinan factores pronósticos convencionales, marcadores de diferenciación condral, marcadores de músculo liso y esquelético, marcadores neurales, citoqueratina, vimentina y filamentos intermedios. Resultados. Ocho pacientes con edades entre 41-72 años. En cinco casos el carcinoma metaplásico se presenta como un nódulo palpable, en uno como retracción del pezón y dos casos fueron hallazgos incidentales en mamografía de control. Mamográficamente, en siete casos aparece un nódulo redondo, hiperdenso, de 10-50 mm, de márgenes variables, en un caso distorsión de la arquitectura, en tres casos calcificaciones. Sólo dos pacientes tienen retracción de piel y de pezón. Ecográficamente se manifestaron como nódulos mal delimitados, hipoecogénicos y heterogéneos. En la resonancia magnética se muestran como masas relativamente bien definidas, hiperintensas en T2 y con curvas intensidad de señal-tiempo similares a las del carcinoma infiltrante de mama. Histopatológicamente hay diferentes variantes de carcinoma metaplásico: un carcinoma metaplásico escamoide, un sarcoide, tres condroides, un fusocelular, una variante de células gigantes y un acantolítico, todos con un alto grado histológico. Conclusiones. El carcinoma metaplásico debe incluirse en el diagnóstico diferencial de un nódulo mamográficamente hiperdenso y de márgenes variables, ecográficamente hipoecogénico y mal delimitado, hiperintenso en T2 y con captación en el rango de malignidad en RM T2. Para el diagnóstico final son necesarios los estudios inmunohistoquímicos. Las pruebas de imagen pueden sugerir este subtipo particular

Objectives. To review our radiological experience in metaplastic carcinoma together with the clinical and histopathologic findings. Methods and materials. Eight cases of histologically confirmed metaplastic carcinoma of breast were reviewed. Imaging findings from US, mammography and MRI, and immunohistochemistry results from preoperative biopsy were assessed. Conventional prognostic factors, chondral differentiation markers, striated and straight muscle markers, neural markers, cytokeratin, vimentin and intermediate filaments were determined. Results. Eight patients aged ranged from 41-72 years. Metaplastic carcinoma presented as a palpable nodule in five cases, as a nipple retraction in ones case, and was discovered as an incidental mammographic finding in two. Mammographic appearance was a round, high-density nodule, measuring 10-50 mm, with variable margins in seven patients. One had architectural distortion. In three there were calcifications. Skin and nipple retraction appeared in one. On sonographic examination nodules were ill defined and showed low heterogeneous echogenicity. On MRI, T2-weighted images showed a relatively well-defined mass with high signal intensity. In the dynamic study, all showed contrast uptake, with signal-time intensity curves similar to those of infiltrating carcinoma of the breast. Histopathologic study found one squamous-cell, one sarcomatous, three chondroid, one giant-cell, one spindle-cell, and one acantholytic carcinoma, all of which were of high histologic grade. Conclusions. Metaplastic carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of a nodule presenting with high density and variable margins on mammography, low heterogeneous echogenicity and ill defined margins on sonography, and hyperintense at T2 with malignant enhancement at MR. Immunohistochemical assessment is mandatory for the final diagnosis. The radiologist can suggest this particular subtype of tumour

[Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous non-melanoma malignancies]. / Biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela en tumores cutáneos no melanoma.

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of the Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) technique in cutaneous non-melanoma malignancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine patients were retrospectively evaluated performing a scintigraphy with 99mTc-nanocolloid. On the day of the surgery, an initial dynamic study and static images were obtained. The first drainage station visualized was considered the sentinel node (SLN). The SLN position was marked on the skin and after a correct localization in the surgical field with a gamma probe the SLN was obtained. Patients of this study have been followed up for 8 to 48 months. RESULTS: Lymphoscintigraphy detected the sentinel node in 88,8 % of our studies (the SLN was not observed in a patient with a Merkel's tumour on the back). The SLN was identified intraoperatively in those patients with positive imaging. Those cases without scintigraphic demonstrated migration were also not found intraoperatively. Histopathological analysis of the SLN showed non metastatic disease and none patient developed metastases or local recurrence in the monitoring period. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel node biopsy can be applied to certain cutaneous non-melanoma malignancies. In patients with unclear drainage and to avoid unnecessary lymphadenectomy, the technique offers clear advantages. In our study the SLN analysis was related to the clinical progress. A large number of patients should be examined to truly assess the benefit of this technique in this kind of malignancies and to determinate when the technique must be performed.

Biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela en tumores cutáneos no melanoma / Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous non-melanoma malignancies

Objetivo. Valorar la utilización de la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela (BSGC) en tumores cutáneos no melanoma. Material y métodos. Se evaluaron retrospectivamente 9 pacientes a los que se realizó linfogammagrafía con 99mTc-nanocoloides. El día de la cirugía se obtuvo un estudio dinámico inicial e imágenes estáticas posteriores. El primer ganglio de drenaje visualizado fue considerado como ganglio centinela (GC). La posición del GC fue marcada cutáneamente en varias proyecciones y posteriormente la correcta localización durante la extracción quirúrgica se realizó con sonda de detección externa. El seguimiento de los pacientes osciló entre 8 y 48 meses. Resultados. La linfogammagrafía localizó el ganglio centinela en 88,8 % de los casos. El GC no fue observado en un paciente con un tumor de Merkel localizado en la espalda. El GC fue identificado intraoperatoriamente en los pacientes que presentaron una imagen positiva. En aquellos casos en que no hubo migración gammagráfica tampoco se detectó intraoperatoriamente. La inmunohistopatología mostró adenopatías libres de metástasis, y los pacientes permanecieron sin afectación durante el periodo de seguimiento. Conclusiones. La utilización de la BSGC tiene una potencial aplicación en determinados tumores cutáneos no melanoma. En pacientes con drenaje linfático errático y la capacidad de evitar una linfadenectomía radical terapéutica, ofrece a la técnica destacadas ventajas. La situación del GC fue congruente con la evolución clínica de los pacientes. Sería necesario analizar un mayor número de pacientes para asegurar los beneficios de la técnica con el objeto de determinar los tumores más susceptibles para su realización y el estadio en el cual llevarla a cabo

Purpose. To assess the feasibility of the Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) technique in cutaneous non-melanoma malignancies. Materials and methods. Nine patients were retrospectively evaluated perfoming a scintigraphy with 99mTc-nanocolloid. On the day of the surgery, an initial dynamic study and static images were obtained. The first drainage station visualized was considered the sentinel node (SLN). The SLN position was marked on the skin and after a correct localization in the surgical field with a gamma probe the SLN was obtained. Patients of this study have been followed up for 8 to 48 months. Results. Lymphoscintigraphy detected the sentinel node in 88,8 % of our studies (the SLN was not observed in a patient with a Merkel's tumour on the back). The SLN was identified intraoperatively in those patients with positive imaging. Those cases without scintigraphic demonstrated migration were also not found intraoperatively. Histopathological analysis of the SLN showed non metastatic disease and none patient developed metastases or local recurrence in the monitoring period. Conclusions. Sentinel node biopsy can be applied to certain cutaneous non-melanoma malignancies. In patients with unclear drainage and to avoid unnecessary lymphadenectomy, the technique offers clear advantages. In our study the SLN analysis was related to the clinical progress. A large number of patients should be examined to truly assess the benefit of this technique in this kind of malignancies and to determinate when the technique must be perfomed

Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as portal thrombosis with intrabiliary growth: US and MR findings.

We present an unusual case of hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as massive portal vein thrombosis with progression to the intrahepatic bile ducts without demonstrable primary hepatic tumor. Ultrasound, magnetic resonance, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography findings are described. The histologic diagnosis was achieved by means of percutaneous forceps biopsy of the endobiliary mass.