Review of policies to increase fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity in 49 low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: Inadequate physical activity (PA) and consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV) are known risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) encourages the development of policies to increase PA and FV consumption. We reviewed available policies between 2004 and 2013 to increase FV consumption and PA from a convenience sample of 49 LMICs. METHOD: Information on national policies were obtained from government ministries involved with the formulation of nutrition and PA policies, WHO databases and from PubMed and Scopus. RESULTS: Of the 49 countries, 57% had policies to increase FV consumption, and 76% had policies to promote PA. Policy reviews indicated strategies that focus on schools, communities, the general public, the environment, the economy, mass media and WHO recommendations. Of the 28 countries with FV policies, 18% had formulated policies that met the WHO recommendations for daily intake of FV. Likewise, of the 37 countries with PA policies, 24% had policies that promoted the WHO recommendations for daily PA. CONCLUSION: Greater progress has been made in developing policies to increase PA compared to policies to increase FV consumption in low- and middle-income countries. However, most countries are still lagging behind in developing policies to meet the WHO recommendations.

Strong-Isospin-Breaking Correction to the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment from Lattice QCD at the Physical Point.

All lattice-QCD calculations of the hadronic-vacuum-polarization contribution to the muon's anomalous magnetic moment to date have been performed with degenerate up- and down-quark masses. Here we calculate directly the strong-isospin-breaking correction to a_{µ}^{HVP} for the first time with physical values of m_{u} and m_{d} and dynamical u, d, s, and c quarks, thereby removing this important source of systematic uncertainty. We obtain a relative shift to be applied to lattice-QCD results obtained with degenerate light-quark masses of δa_{µ}^{HVP,m_{u}≠m_{d}}=+1.5(7)%, in agreement with estimates from phenomenology.

Sandwich consumption in relation to daily dietary intake and diet quality among US adults, 2003-2012.

OBJECTIVES: About one half of the US adult population consumed one or more sandwiches on any given day. Sandwich consumption may profoundly influence people's calorie intake and diet quality. However, few studies have investigated the nutritional impact of sandwich consumption at the national level. We examined sandwich consumption in relation to daily dietary intake and diet quality among US adults. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective data analysis. METHODS: Nationally representative sample consisting of 27,075 adults 18 years of age and above came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2012 waves. Sandwich consumption was identified based on the What We Eat in America Food Category and the NHANES diet combination code. First-difference estimator addressed confounding bias from time-invariant unobservables (e.g. eating habits, taste preferences) by using within-individual variations in sandwich consumption between two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. RESULTS: During 2003-2012, approximately 53.2% of US adults consumed sandwiches on any given day. Among sandwich consumers, nearly a quarter of daily total calorie intake and about a third of total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium intake came from sandwich consumption. Men, non-Hispanic whites, young and middle-aged adults, people with higher income, and overweight/obese adults were more likely to consume sandwiches. Among those who consumed sandwiches on either but not both of the two dietary recall days, in comparison to no sandwich consumption, sandwich consumption on a dietary recall day was associated with an increase in daily intake of total energy by 98.7 kcal, total fat 6.8 g, and sodium 267.9 mg (P-value < 0.001). Statistically significant but relatively small differences were also found for other nutrients and food groups-sandwich consumption was associated with an increase in daily intake of sugar by 3.0 g (P-value < 0.01) and saturated fat 2.5 g (P-value < 0.001), a decrease in daily intake of vegetables by 8.4 g (P-value < 0.01), fruit 4.5 g (P-value < 0.05), and fibre 0.8 g (P-value < 0.001), and a decrease in the Healthy Eating Index-2010 score by 1.6 points (P-value < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Consumers should prudently evaluate the calorie/nutrient content of sandwich in order to make healthier dietary choices.

B→πll Form Factors for New Physics Searches from Lattice QCD.

The rare decay B→πℓ^{+}ℓ^{-} arises from b→d flavor-changing neutral currents and could be sensitive to physics beyond the standard model. Here, we present the first ab initio QCD calculation of the B→π tensor form factor f_{T}. Together with the vector and scalar form factors f_{+} and f_{0} from our companion work [J. A. Bailey et al., Phys. Rev. D 92, 014024 (2015)], these parametrize the hadronic contribution to B→π semileptonic decays in any extension of the standard model. We obtain the total branching ratio BR(B^{+}→π^{+}µ^{+}µ^{-})=20.4(2.1)×10^{-9} in the standard model, which is the most precise theoretical determination to date, and agrees with the recent measurement from the LHCb experiment [R. Aaij et al., J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2012) 125].

Determination of |V(us)|| from a lattice QCD calculation of the K → πℓν semileptonic form factor with physical quark masses.

We calculate the kaon semileptonic form factor f+(0) from lattice QCD, working, for the first time, at the physical light-quark masses. We use gauge configurations generated by the MILC Collaboration with Nf = 2 + 1 + 1 flavors of sea quarks, which incorporate the effects of dynamical charm quarks as well as those of up, down, and strange. We employ data at three lattice spacings to extrapolate to the continuum limit. Our result, f+(0) = 0.9704(32), where the error is the total statistical plus systematic uncertainty added in quadrature, is the most precise determination to date. Combining our result with the latest experimental measurements of K semileptonic decays, one obtains the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element |V(us)| = 0.22290(74)(52), where the first error is from f+(0) and the second one is from experiment. In the first-row test of Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa unitarity, the error stemming from |V(us)| is now comparable to that from |V(ud)|.

Leptonic-decay-constant ratio f(K+)/f(π+) from lattice QCD with physical light quarks.

A calculation of the ratio of leptonic decay constants f(K+)/f(π+) makes possible a precise determination of the ratio of Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements |V(us)|/|V(ud)| in the standard model, and places a stringent constraint on the scale of new physics that would lead to deviations from unitarity in the first row of the CKM matrix. We compute f(K+)/f(π+) numerically in unquenched lattice QCD using gauge-field ensembles recently generated that include four flavors of dynamical quarks: up, down, strange, and charm. We analyze data at four lattice spacings a ≈ 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, and 0.15 fm with simulated pion masses down to the physical value 135 MeV. We obtain f(K+)/f(π+) = 1.1947(26)(37), where the errors are statistical and total systematic, respectively. This is our first physics result from our N(f) = 2+1+1 ensembles, and the first calculation of f(K+)/f(π+) from lattice-QCD simulations at the physical point. Our result is the most precise lattice-QCD determination of f(K+)/f(π+), with an error comparable to the current world average. When combined with experimental measurements of the leptonic branching fractions, it leads to a precise determination of |V(us)|/|V(ud)| = 0.2309(9)(4) where the errors are theoretical and experimental, respectively.

Refining new-physics searches in B→Dτν with lattice QCD.

The semileptonic decay channel B→Dτν is sensitive to the presence of a scalar current, such as that mediated by a charged-Higgs boson. Recently, the BABAR experiment reported the first observation of the exclusive semileptonic decay B→Dτ(-)ν, finding an approximately 2σ disagreement with the standard-model prediction for the ratio R(D)=BR(B→Dτν)/BR(B→Dℓν), where ℓ = e,µ. We compute this ratio of branching fractions using hadronic form factors computed in unquenched lattice QCD and obtain R(D)=0.316(12)(7), where the errors are statistical and total systematic, respectively. This result is the first standard-model calculation of R(D) from ab initio full QCD. Its error is smaller than that of previous estimates, primarily due to the reduced uncertainty in the scalar form factor f(0)(q(2)). Our determination of R(D) is approximately 1σ higher than previous estimates and, thus, reduces the tension with experiment. We also compute R(D) in models with electrically charged scalar exchange, such as the type-II two-Higgs-doublet model. Once again, our result is consistent with, but approximately 1σ higher than, previous estimates for phenomenologically relevant values of the scalar coupling in the type-II model. As a by-product of our calculation, we also present the standard-model prediction for the longitudinal-polarization ratio P(L)(D)=0.325(4)(3).

[Artists, their performances, their muscles and their fears]. / L'artiste, sa performance, ses muscles et son angoisse.

A thorough physical examination of the artist is a prerequisite of good physiotherapy. A musician should bring his/her instrument(s) and should undress in order to be examined. Being able to examine a dancer at the exercise barre is a significant advantage. In addition, this examination should always include quality medical iconography. Physiotherapy is a genuine treatment. This, however, also means that it has its own restrictions and involves dangers and contraindications.

Strange quark condensate in the nucleon in 2 + 1 flavor QCD.

We calculate the "strange quark content of the nucleon," , which is important for interpreting the results of some dark matter detection experiments. The method is to evaluate quark-line disconnected correlations on the MILC lattice ensembles, which include the effects of dynamical light and strange quarks. After continuum and chiral extrapolations, the result is = 0.69(7)_{stat}(9)_{syst}, in the modified minimal subtraction scheme (2 GeV) regularization, or for the renormalization scheme invariant form, m_{s} partial differentialM_{N}/ partial differentialm_{s} = 59(6)(8) MeV.

[From the analogic to the digital era: technical EEG progress for presurgical investigations of refractory partial epilepsies]. / De l'ère analogique à l'ère numérique: évolution des techniques électro-encéphalographiques dans le bilan préchirurgical des épilepsies partielles pharmacorésistantes.

Over the past two decades, exploration of epileptic patients has benefited from technological advances in electroencephalography. Computerized equipment can simultaneously retrieve cerebral electric activity and signs of the patient's ictal activity. The computer era has improved reliability, storage and analysis of the recorded data and provides easier communication tools for multidisciplinary staff and patient case studies. Therefore, an increasing number of patients could benefit from presurgical investigations and surgical treatment.

Charmed-meson decay constants in three-flavor lattice QCD.

We present the first lattice QCD calculation with realistic sea quark content of the D+-meson decay constant f(D+). We use the MILC Collaboration's publicly available ensembles of lattice gauge fields, which have a quark sea with two flavors (up and down) much lighter than a third (strange). We obtain f(D+)=201+/-3+/-17 MeV, where the errors are statistical and a combination of systematic errors. We also obtain f(Ds)=249+/-3+/-16 MeV for the Ds meson.

Semileptonic decays of d mesons in three-flavor lattice QCD.

We present the first three-flavor lattice QCD calculations for D-->pilnu and D-->Klnu semileptonic decays. Simulations are carried out using ensembles of unquenched gauge fields generated by the MILC Collaboration. With an improved staggered action for light quarks, we are able to simulate at light quark masses down to 1/8 of the strange mass. Consequently, the systematic error from the chiral extrapolation is much smaller than in previous calculations with Wilson-type light quarks. Our results for the form factors at q(2)=0 are f(D-->pi)(+)(0)=0.64(3)(6) and f(D-->K)(+)(0)=0.73(3)(7), where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic, added in quadrature. Combining our results with experimental branching ratios, we obtain the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements |V(cd)|=0.239(10)(24)(20) and |V(cs)|=0.969(39)(94)(24), where the last errors are from experimental uncertainties.

[Physical violence: what about the certificate?]. / Le certificat de coups et blessures: rigueur, objectivité et...beaucoup d'empathie.

It is of paramount importance to be precise when drawing up a report, in a case of aggravated assault. Such precision will serve to give the Judge a better conception of the extent of the injuries, the severity of the aggression, and thus of the eventual sentence. The extent of the injury must be determined, and the exact part of the body clearly stipulated. The general practitioner will be able to note the rections of the child standing in front of her. Is he frightened? or again his mental attitude? Furthermore, should a boy arrive at his surgery, stating that another doctor had refused to receive his family, one should be careful. The doctor must consider all the particular aspects of the case, and observe the child, speak to him, and endeavour to become his confidant. This will be time well spent, and will prove advantageous to the victim.

[The sportive certificate and...the responsibility!]. / Le certificat sportif...un paradoxe?

If your patient is an benevolent friendly sportsman (woman), you are able to do the sportive certificate. But mind! The responsibility of the physician is engaged if he signs without physical examination. The sports with competition and sports with danger so as parachutism, dive, alpinism and so on are reserved to specialist physician in sports.

High-precision lattice QCD confronts experiment.

The recently developed Symanzik-improved staggered-quark discretization allows unquenched lattice-QCD simulations with much smaller (and more realistic) quark masses than previously possible. To test this formalism, we compare experiment with a variety of nonperturbative calculations in QCD drawn from a restricted set of "gold-plated" quantities. We find agreement to within statistical and systematic errors of 3% or less. We discuss the implications for phenomenology and, in particular, for heavy-quark physics.

[Surgical treatment of distal femoral fractures using extra-medullary osteosynthesis]. / Traitement chirurgical des fractures de l'extrémite inférieure du fémur par ostéosynthèse extra-médullaire.

Forty seven fractures of the distal femur treated by internal fixation using a supracondylar compression screw or blade plate were retrospectively evaluated regarding their radiological and functional results. Blade plates were used for all types of distal femoral fractures until 1992; their indications were subsequently restricted to simple supracondylar fractures whereas a compression screw was preferred for other types of fractures. Taking into account the condition of the patients before fracture, 85% good and very good results were achieved with both techniques. Malunions resulted in poor functional outcomes (50% good and very good results). Malunions were mainly observed in patients with complex fractures (90% of cases with malunion), which confirms the poor prognosis of comminuted fractures. Nonunions (65%) and infection (3%) resulted in poor functional results. The presence of a bony defect in the medial femoral cortex increases the risk of nonunion; bone grafting should be used in such cases. The recent use of a long femoro-femoral external distractor in a few patients has proved of value as it allowed to achieve accurate reduction and considerably eased fracture reduction and fixation.

[Primary malignant lymphoma of the spine: clinical aspects and therapeutic advances]. / Le lymphome malin primitif du rachis: aspects cliniques et progrès thérapeutiques.

Malignant lymphomas are occasionally encountered in the spine, where they are usually secondary deposits. The authors report the case of a primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the L1 vertebra in whom surgical treatment (two operations and double approach) was followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The diagnosis is often made at a late stage, when neurological deficits produced by epidural compression become evident. The surgical treatment is only palliative but has several goals: obtaining a biopsy, improving the neurological symptoms through decompression, stabilizing and "rebuilding" the spinal column; it is performed using posterior, anterior or combined approaches which are discussed. The combined surgical, radiotherapeutic and polychemotherapeutic treatment is associated with a 5-year survival rate of 60-80%. Such a prognosis justifies the risk of surgery which will lead to a stable and lasting reconstruction.

[Different arts of healing from the point of view of the private general practitioner]. / Les différents arts de guérir sous l'oeil du médecin généraliste libre exaministe.

The term "alternative medicine" conjures up a two-fold image, composed of two non-quantifiable phenomena--placebo, and scientifically unproved acts. In view of the extensive practice of this alternative approach, as evidenced by the large proportion of patients who have recourse to same--on grounds of relief or even complete recovery obtained--results that can only testify to the professional comptency of the practiotioner. At present, strict regulations are being liad down, limiting these alternative practices by nealer practitioners and kinesitherapists. Exposition of a subject does not necessarily imply acceptance of same.