Identification of patients at high risk for brain death using an automated digital screening tool: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study.

BACKGROUND: An automated digital screening tool (DETECT) has been developed to aid in the early identification of patients who are at risk of developing brain death during critical care. METHODS: This prospective diagnostic accuracy study included consecutive patients ≥ 18 years admitted to neurocritical care for primary or secondary acute brain injury. The DETECT screening tool searched routinely monitored patient data in the electronic medical records every 12 h for a combination of coma and absence of bilateral pupillary light reflexes. In parallel, daily neurological assessment was performed by expert neurointensivists in all patients blinded to the index test results. The primary target condition was the eventual diagnosis of brain death. Estimates of diagnostic accuracy along with their 95%-confidence intervals were calculated to assess the screening performance of DETECT. RESULTS: During the 12-month study period, 414 patients underwent neurological assessment, with 8 (1.9%) confirmed cases of brain death. DETECT identified 54 positive patients and sent 281 notifications including 227 repeat notifications. The screening tool had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 63.1-100%) in identifying patients who eventually developed brain death, with no false negatives. The mean time from notification to confirmed diagnosis of brain death was 3.6 ± 3.2 days. Specificity was 88.7% (95% CI 85.2-91.6%), with 46 false positives. The overall accuracy of DETECT for confirmed brain death was 88.9% (95% CI 85.5-91.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that an automated digital screening tool that utilizes routinely monitored clinical data may aid in the early identification of patients at risk of developing brain death.

An Automated Electronic Screening Tool (DETECT) for the Detection of Potentially Irreversible Loss of Brain Function.

BACKGROUND: A major reason for the low number of organ donors in Germany is a deficit in the recognition of patients who may have impending irreversible loss of brain function (ILBF) in hospitals capable of organ retrieval. METHODS: We used anonymized data from the German Organ Procurement Organization (Deutsche Stiftung Organtransplantation, DSO) to compare two 12-month periods (a reference period and an evaluation period) before and after the implementation of an electronic screening tool (DETECT) at the University Hospital Dresden (UKD) with four other university hospitals without tool implementation (comparative cohort). DETECT is intended to aid in the recognition of potentially impending ILBF. The study endpoints encompassed patients with potentially unrecognized ILBF, patients with recognized ILBF, organ donations performed, and reports to the DSO. Changes in absolute risk were compared with Breslow-Day tests. RESULTS: 309 patients who died with primary or secondary brain lesions were identified in the UKD in the reference and evaluation periods (164 and 145 patients, respectively), and 1060 (529, 531) in the comparative cohort. In the UKD, the number of unrecognized cases of possibly impending ILBF was 14/164 (8.54%) in the reference period and 1/145 (0.69%) in the evaluation period, yielding an absolute reduction of 7.85% (95% confidence interval [--3.36; --12.33]); by contrast, in the comparative cohort, there was a 0.55% absolute increase between the two periods ([--2.21; 3.30]; p = 0.002 for the comparison between the two cohorts). Only minor differences in absolute risk change were seen with regard to the probability of recognized ILBF (7.09% [0.29; 13.88] vs. 2.42% [1.18; 6.01]; p = 0.234), organ donation (4.70% [--0.89; 10.28] vs. 0.55% [--2.17; 3.26]; p = 0.214), or reporting to the DSO (4.17% [--1.77; 10.11] vs. 2.22% [--1.44; 5.89; p = 0.447); these changes may have arisen by chance. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the use of DETECT can help to reduce the deficit in the recognition of patients with impending or manifest ILBF.

Decannulation and Functional Outcome After Tracheostomy in Patients with Severe Stroke (DECAST): A Prospective Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Tracheostomy is performed in ventilated stroke patients affected by persisting severe dysphagia, reduced level of consciousness, or prolonged mechanical ventilation. The study aim was to determine the frequency and predictors of successful decannulation and long-term functional outcome in tracheotomized stroke patients. METHODS: A prospective single-center observational study recruited ventilated patients with ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Follow-up visits were performed at hospital discharge, 3, and 12 months. Competing risk analyses were performed to identify predictors of decannulation. RESULTS: We included 53 ventilated stroke patients who had tracheostomy. One year after tracheostomy, 19 patients were decannulated (median [IQR] time to decannulation 74 [58-117] days), 13 patients were permanently cannulated, and 21 patients died without prior removal of the cannula. Independent predictors for decannulation in our cohort were patient age (HR 0.95 [95% CI: 0.92-0.99] per one year increase, p = 0.003) and absence of sepsis (HR 4.44 [95% CI: 1.33-14.80], p = 0.008). Compared to surviving patients without cannula removal, decannulated patients had an improved functional outcome after one year (median modified Rankin Scale score 4 vs. 5 [p < 0.001]; median Barthel index 35 vs. 5 [p < 0.001]). CONCLUSIONS: Decannulation was achieved in 59.4% of stroke patients surviving the first 12 months after tracheostomy and was associated with better functional outcome compared to patients without decannulation. Further prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our results.