High throughput optical lithography by scanning a massive array of bowtie aperture antennas at near-field.

Optical lithography, the enabling process for defining features, has been widely used in semiconductor industry and many other nanotechnology applications. Advances of nanotechnology require developments of high-throughput optical lithography capabilities to overcome the optical diffraction limit and meet the ever-decreasing device dimensions. We report our recent experimental advancements to scale up diffraction unlimited optical lithography in a massive scale using the near field nanolithography capabilities of bowtie apertures. A record number of near-field optical elements, an array of 1,024 bowtie antenna apertures, are simultaneously employed to generate a large number of patterns by carefully controlling their working distances over the entire array using an optical gap metrology system. Our experimental results reiterated the ability of using massively-parallel near-field devices to achieve high-throughput optical nanolithography, which can be promising for many important nanotechnology applications such as computation, data storage, communication, and energy.

Eliminación del trazo gustativo tras la administración de MK-801 / Disruption of taste trace by MK-801 administration

La administración sistémica de antagonistas de NMDA produce una interrupción de la Aversión Condicionada al Sabor cuando el fármaco se inyecta antes de la presentación de los estímulos. Sin embargo, existen en la literatura muy pocos experimentos que analicen la relación entre el aprendizaje de aversión al sabor y la actividad de los receptores NMDA cuando los compuestos farmacológicos se inyectan por vía sistémica entre el Estímulo Condicionado (EC) y el Estímulo Incondicionado (EI), siendo además en estos casos los resultados más contradictorios. En este trabajo presentamos dos experimentos destinados a analizar si la administración de MK-801 (dizolcipina maleate) entre el EC y el EI produce una interrupción de la Aversión Condicionada al Sabor (Experimento 1), y si la introducción de una demora temporal entre el EC y la administración del MK-801 anula el efecto disruptivo de la droga sobre la aversión al sabor (Experimento 2). Los resultados revelan que el MK-801 produce la interrupción de la ACS cuando se inyecta entre el EC y el EI y que el efecto desaparece cuando se introduce un intervalo temporal entre la administración del fármaco y el EI. Estos resultados apuntan al importante papel que los receptores NMDA desempeñan en la codificación y consolidación del trazo de memoria para el sabor(AU)

Sistemic administration of NMDA antagonists induces a disruption of Conditioned Taste Aversion when the drug is administered before stimuli presentation. However, there is scarce evidence, and such evidence is contradictory, on the role of NMDA receptors on Conditioned Taste Aversion when the drugs are injected in the interval between the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and the Unconditioned Stimulus (US). In this paper we describe two experiments designed to analyze whether MK-801 (dizolcipine maleate) administration during the interval between the CS and the US disrupts Conditioned Taste Aversion (Experiment 1), and whether the introduction of a delay between MK-801 administration and US presentation prevents such disruption (Experiment 2). The results show the predicted Conditioned Taste Aversion disruption when the drug was injected inmediately before the US, and normal Conditioned Taste Aversion when a delay was introduced between the NMDA antagonist and the US. These results support a relevant role of NMDA receptors in encoding and consolidation of the taste memory trace(AU)

Interrupción del efecto de inhibición latente por la administración de MK-801 / Latent inhibition disruption by MK-801 administration

Los receptores N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDA) parecen estar implicados en el retraso en la adquisición de una asociación pavloviana tras la preexposición sin consecuencias al que se va a convertir en estímulo condicionado, efecto al que se suele denominar Inhibición Latente (IL). Concretamente, la administración de compuestos antagonistas en la fase de preexposición o en las fases de preexposición y condicionamiento produce un efecto disruptivo sobre la expresión de la IL cuando se utiliza un procedimiento de aversión condicionada al sabor. En este trabajo describimos tres experimentos que replican el efecto del MK-801 sobre la IL (Experimento 1) y que demuestran la persistencia de la influencia de la droga independientemente del número de ensayos de preexposición (Experimento 2), o de la intensidad del EC empleado (Experimento 3). Los resultados se interpretan en relación a los modelos psicológicos y farmacológicos relacionados con la investigación yel tratamiento clínico de diversos desordenes neurocognitivos (AU)

N-methyl-Daspartate(NMDA) receptors seem to be involved in the Latent Inhibition(LI) process -the retardation in the acquisition of a pavlovian association by previous preexposure to the to-be-conditioned stimulus-. Specifically,NMDA antagonist administration at preexposure, or at preexposure and conditioning stages using a conditioned taste aversion procedure has resulted in LI disruption. In this paper we describe three experiments that reproduce the disruptive effect of MK-801 on LI (Experiment 1), and demonstrate persistence of the drug effect irrespective of number of preexposure trials (Experiment 2) and CS intensity (Experiment 3). The results are discussed attending to those psychological and pharmacological models related to the research and treatment of neurocognitive disorders (AU)

Interrupción del efecto de inhibición latente por la administración de MK-801 / Latent Inhibition disruption by MK-801 administration

Los receptores -metil-D-aspartato (NMDA) parecen estar implicados en el retraso en la adquisición de una asociación pavloviana tras la preexposición sin consecuencias al que se va a convertir en estímulo condicionado, efecto al que se suele denominar Inhibición Latente (IL). Concretamente, la administración de compuestos antagonistas en la fase de preexposición o en las fases de preexposición y condicionamiento produce un efecto disruptivo sobre la expresión de la IL cuando se utiliza un procedimiento de aversión condicionada al sabor. En este trabajo describimos tres experimentos que replican el efecto del MK-801 sobre la IL (Experimento 1) y que de muestran la persistencia de la influencia de la droga independientemente del número de ensayos de preexposición (Experimento 2), o de la intensidad del EC empleado (Experimento 3). Los resultados se interpretan en relación a los modelos psicológicos y farmacológicos relacionados con la investigación y el tratamiento clínico de diversos desordenes neuro-cognitivos (AU)

The-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptors seem to be involved in the Latent Inhibition (LI) process -the retardation in the acquisition of a pavlovian association by previous preexposure to the to-be-conditioned stimulus-. Specifically, NMDA antagonist administration at preexposure, or at preexposure and conditioning stages using a conditioned taste aversion procedure has resulted in LI disruption. In this paper we describe three experiments that reproduce the disruptive effect of MK-801 on LI (Experiment 1), and demonstrate persistence of the drug effect irrespective of number of preexposure trials (Experiment 2) and CS intensity (Experiment 3). The results are discussed attending to those psychological and pharmacological models related to the research and treatment of neurocognitive disorders (AU)

Ketamine blocks the formation of a gustatory memory trace in rats.

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors appear to play a central role in learning and memory processes, as the administration of antagonistic substances of these receptors hinders learning acquisition by using different behavioral paradigms (e.g., Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Behavioural Brain Research, 2003;140 (1-2):1-47.). In the specific case of conditioned taste aversion, the administration of ketamine seems to affect the acquisition of conditioning when the drugs are administered before the experimental treatment. In this paper we present three experiments designed to analyze the effect of different ketamine doses (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg), administered between exposure to a taste (the conditioned stimulus) and the administration of the unconditioned stimulus, on the acquisition of a taste aversion association. The results reveal that higher ketamine doses (75 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg) have a disruptive effect on conditioned taste aversion by impeding the formation of the gustatory trace.

Latent inhibition disruption by MK-801 in a conditioned taste-aversion paradigm.

N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors appear to be involved in CS processing and memory consolidation. The present paper analyzed the effect of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist Dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) on Latent Inhibition (LI)-retarded learning of a CS-US association after to-be-CS preexposures at time of testing, using Wistar rats as experimental subjects. If NMDA receptors are involved in CS processing, MK-801 administration should affect LI. In fact, previous experiments revealed that a 2.0mg/kg MK-801 dose, administered 20 h before preexposure and conditioning, abolished LI in a conditioned taste-aversion paradigm. In the present paper, MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg) was either injected after preexposure, after conditioning, or after both preexposure and conditioning stages. LI was abolished when MK-801 was injected after preexposure, but not when it was injected after conditioning. These results support the role of NMDA receptors in CS processing and memory consolidation.

Practical experience with a high Dk lotrafilcon A fluorosilicone hydrogel extended wear contact lens in Spain.

PURPOSE: Several research studies on high Dk soft contact lens materials have been published, but little has been reported from practical clinical experience with these new materials. This study reports in-practice clinical experience with the lotrafilcon A fluorosilicone hydrogel material from a 6-month study in Spain. METHODS: Eighty-five patients were dispensed lotrafilcon A lenses (Focuse NIGHT & DAY [CIBA Vision Corporation]) for monthly replacement by 13 investigators from eight practices. The recommended wear schedule was daily wear for the first week and then up to 6-night extended wear through the first month and up to 30-night extended wear through 6 months. Follow-up visits were at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Clinical and patient subjective data were collected at each visit. RESULTS: Among patients who continued in the study at each visit, Snellen visual acuity (VA) of 20/25 or better was achieved by at least 96% of all eyes at all visits; lens surfaces assessments for front surface deposits, front surface wetting, and back surface debris averaged less than grade 1 (0-4 scale) for all lenses at all visits; biomicroscopy grades averaged well below grade 1 (0-4 scale) for all eyes at all visits; acceptable or optimal fit was assessed for 97% or more of all lenses at all visits. These patients rated the average overall comfort, vision, and handling above 9 (0-10 scale) at 6 months and 98% reported satisfaction with the lenses at 6 months. Eighty-two percent of patients dispensed completed the study. Seven patients were discontinued because of fit, and seven were discontinued because of positive biomicroscopy signs. CONCLUSIONS: The lotrafilcon A lens performed well clinically and it was accepted well by patients, with most practitioners recommending and most patients wearing it for up to 30 nights extended wear. Practitioners should be attentive to fit and discomfort complaints at dispensing and follow-up and may want to recommend lubricating or rewetting drops for those patients with dryness symptoms.