USE OF ANTHROPOMORPHIC HETEROGENEOUS PHYSICAL PHANTOMS FOR VALIDATION OF COMPUTATIONAL DOSIMETRY OF MEDICAL PERSONNEL AND PATIENTS. / VYKORYSTANNIa ANTROPOMORFNYKh GETEROGENNYKh FIZYChNYKh FANTOMIV DLIa VALIDATsIÏ ROZRAKhUNKOVOÏ DOZYMETRIÏ PERSONALU TA PATsIIeNTIV.

In the dosimetry of ionizing radiation, the phantoms of the human body, which are used as a replacement for thehuman body in physical measurements and calculations, play an important, but sometimes underestimated, role.There are physical phantoms used directly for measurements, and mathematical phantoms for computationaldosimetry. Their complexity varies from simple geometry applied for calibration purposes up to very complex, whichsimulates in detail the shapes of organs and tissues of the human body. The use of physical anthropomorphic phantoms makes it possible to effectively optimize radiation doses by adjusting the parameters of CT-scanning (computed tomography) in accordance with the characteristics of the patient without compromising image quality. The useof phantoms is an indispensable approach to estimate the actual doses to the organs or to determine the effectivedose of workers - values that are regulated, but cannot be directly measured.The article contains an overview of types, designs and the fields of application of anthropomorphic heterogeneousphysical phantoms of a human with special emphasis on their use for validation of models and methods of computational dosimetry.

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONAL MONITORING OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND UKRAINIAN REALITIES. / VYMOGY DO INDYVIDUAL'NOGO DOZYMETRYChNOGO KONTROLIu PROFESIINOGO OPROMINENNIa: SVITOVYI DOSVID TA UKRAÏNS'KI REALIÏ.

The article includes analysis and generalizations about international and national experience as well as regulatory requirements for the organization and performance of occupational monitoring for radiation exposure (category A personnel), filling of the national dose registries. It is shown that for practical reasons it is justifiable to provide universal individual monitoring of category A personnel, regardless of the expected dose of radiation. The establish ment and functioning the national dose registry should not be limited to the mechanical collection and accumulation of data of non-guaranteed quality. Instead, both a quality management program and a scientific and methodological center should become components of the dose monitoring and registration system ensuring the quality and reliability of data on occupational exposure doses. Besides the dose records, the data sets should include information about methods used, work conditions, employees' health status. Information exchange infrastructure and data protection policies should be built in accordance with national approaches under the auspices of the State Agency for E-Governance in Ukraine.

Regulation of the radionuclide content in commodities produced in areas affected by the Chornobyl accident. / Reguljuvannja vmistu radionuklidiv u tovarah, vyroblenyh na terytorijah, shho postrazhdaly vnaslidok avarii' na ChAES.

This paper discusses the approaches to regulation of the content of radionuclides in commodities and compares the international and Ukrainian standards, which establish permissible levels of the content of radionuclides in food-stuffs produced in the Chornobyl-affected areas. The paper gives the actual monitoring data and discusses the main causes of differences between Ukrainian, European and international standards. The need for improvement of current approaches to the regulation of the content of radionuclides in commodities is highlighted.

Epidemiological survey of the medical consequences of the Chernobyl accident in Ukraine.

The characteristics of the contamination resulting from the Chernobyl accident are defined, as a basis for epidemiological investigations. Due to loss of integrity of the nuclear fuel and thermal buoyancy from fire and nuclear heating, a large quantity of radioisotopes were released over a period of up to 16 days. The areas affected were very large, 37 million hectares in Ukraine alone. About 5 million persons were affected in one way or another, over 2 million of them in Ukraine. For registration and follow-up of health consequences from the accident, 4 main groups were distinguished, namely: (1) the participants in the containment of the accident and its cleanup ("liquidators"); (2) evacuees; (3) residents of contaminated areas; and (4) children born to parents with significant radiation exposure. Registration and epidemiological follow-up in the former USSR and the three republics afterwards are presented with an emphasis on Ukraine. Considering the long incubation times for some of the expected illnesses and relatively low average doses, the difficulties of confirming significant effects become evident. For example leucosis morbidity among cleanup personnel within a 30 km zone around the accident was 3.4 per 100,000 before the accident and 7 per 100,000 afterwards. The question of the statistical significance of such numbers is discussed by the authors, in the context of confounding factors. For some of the observed effects it has already been established that stress and anxiety caused by the accident and living conditions in the affected areas are the principal cause rather than radiation. According to the authors, more detailed retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies are needed in the future, in order to clarify the causes of observed health effects.

[Level and pattern of morbidity of children residing in the Ukrainian S.S.R. exposed to radioactive pollution as the result of the Chernobyl AES accident]. / Uroven' i struktura zabolevaemosti detei, prozhivaiushchikh na territoriiakh USSR, podvergshikhsia radioaktivnomu zagriazneniiu v rezul'tate avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES.

It has been shown that there is a significant increase in total morbidity in children residing in the areas exposed to radioactive pollution due to the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Power Station. This is due largely to higher morbidity of respiratory disease. There is also an increased in the incidence of digestive diseases, iron-deficiency anemias, mental disorders. The recorded growth of childhood morbidity in the areas examined is much higher than that in the children living in other areas unexposed to radioactive pollution.