Response characterization and target site mechanism study in glyphosate-resistant populations of Lolium multiflorum L. from Brazil.

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) is an invasive species widely spread in croplands worldwide. The intensive use of glyphosate has resulted in the selection of resistance to this herbicide in Italian ryegrass. This work characterized the response to glyphosate of Italian ryegrass populations from the South and Southwest regions of Paraná, Brazil. A total of 44 Italian ryegrass populations were collected in farming areas, and were classified for glyphosate resistance with 75% of populations resistant to gloyphosate. Of these, 3 resistant (VT05AR, MR20AR and RN01AR) and three susceptible (VT07AS, MR05AS and RN01AS) of these populations were selected to determine the resistance level and the involvement of the target site mechanisms for glyphosate resistance. Susceptible populations GR50 ranged from 165.66 to 218.17 g.e.a. ha-1 and resistant populations from 569.37 to 925.94, providing RI ranging from 2.88 and 4.70. No mutation in EPSPS was observed in the populations, however, in two (MR20AR and RN02AR) of the three resistant populations, an increase in the number of copies of the EPSPs gene (11 to 57×) was detected. The number of copies showed a positive correlation with the gene expression (R2 = 0.86) and with the GR50 of the populations (R2 = 0.81). The increase in EPSPS gene copies contributes to glyphosate resistance in Italian ryegrass populations from Brazil.

Morphophysiological characteristics of Brazilian bean genotypes related with sulfentrazone tolerance.

In the bean crop there are limited options of herbicides to control eudicotyledons weeds in pre-emergence and sulfentrazone presents potential to be used in a weed management program. The aim of this study was to determine the tolerance of a large number of Brazilian bean genotypes to sulfentrazone and their relation with morphophysiological characteristics, associating it to market classes, seed size and their center of origin. It was evaluated the effect of sulfentrazone application (400 g a.i. ha-1) in pre-emergence of 40 Brazilian bean genotypes, 36 of which were common-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), two cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), one adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) and one mung bean (Vigna radiata). There was high tolerance variation of the genotypes to sulfentrazone. Morphological parameters were strongly related with relative tolerance. Common bean genotypes that had medium to large seed size (cranberry and carioca) were more tolerant, while small-sized seed genotypes were more sensitive (black). Andean genotypes were more tolerant than Mesoamerican genotypes. Within the Mesoamerican group, medium-sized seed genotypes (carioca beans) were more tolerant than small-sized seed (black beans). Considering only the Vigna genera, cowpea was highly tolerant to sulfentrazone, while mung bean showed intermediary response and adzuki bean was completely sensible.

Influence of temperature on the retention, absorption and translocation of fomesafen and imazamox in Euphorbia heterophylla.

Climate change will be an additional issue to the challenge to manage herbicide resistant weeds. This work investigated the impact of three temperature regimes (10/5, 20/15 and 30/25 °C) on the efficacy, foliar retention, absorption and translocation of fomesafen, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor, and imazamox, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor, between two Euphorbia heterophylla populations, one susceptible (S) and one multiple PPO and ALS resistant (R). The R population went from 5 (fomesafen) and 12 (imazamox) times more resistant than the S population at 10/5 °C to more than 100 times to both herbicides at 20/15 and 30/25 °C. Leaf retention of fomesafen was not affected by temperature; however, imazamox retention was less at 10/5 and 20/15 °C than at 30/25 °C, and the R population always retained less imazamox than the S population. 14C-fomesafen absorption was similar between populations, but lower amounts were absorbed at 10/5 °C regardless of the evaluation time. Recovered 14C-imazamox rates decreased in both populations as the evaluation time increased, ranging from 82 to 92% at 6 h after treatment (HAT), and from 47 to 76% at 48 HAT, depending on the temperature regime. The 14C-imazamox losses were greater from 24 HAT in R plants grown at 30/25 °C and in all temperature regimes at 48 HAT. Although both populations translocated large amounts of imazamox, the S population distributed it in the rest of the plant (33%) and roots (15%), while the R population kept it mainly on the treated leaf (24%) or lost ~20% more herbicide than S population at 48 HAT, indicating the need for further studies on root exudation between these populations. Low temperatures reduced resistance levels to fomesafen and imazamox in E. heterophylla, suggesting that temperature influences the expression of the mechanisms that govern this multiple resistance.

Relationship between the amount and composition of epicuticular wax and tolerance of Ipomoea biotypes to glyphosate.

Ipomoea species are troublesome weeds in crop systems through Brazil. Drought stress typically reduces glyphosate efficacy by reducing the foliar uptake of herbicides and their translocation. Using both glyphosate tolerant (GT) and sensitive (GS) plants from Ipomoea grandifolia, I. indivisa and I. purpurea species, this research aimed to (a) correlate amounts of epicuticular wax and tolerance to glyphosate in plants and (b) determine the effect of drought stress (DStress) on changes in the quantity and chemical composition of plant epicuticular waxes. The dose that causes 50% inhibition of growth (GR50) of the biotypes varied between 62 and 1208 (I. grandifolia), 159 and 913 (I. indivisa), and 389 and 1925 g a.e. ha-1 of glyphosate (I. purpurea). There was low inverse correlation (-0.46) between the amount of epicuticular wax and the sensitivity to glyphosate. GT biotypes of the species presented greater plastic capacities than GS biotypes for increasing the amount of epicuticular wax under DStress. The three Ipomoea species exhibited different chemical profiles of waxes supported by IR spectra, which allows for their differentiation. For I. grandifolia and I. purpurea, there was an increase in the polar components in the state without DStress, while for the species I. indivisa, no differences in infrared spectra were detected between the two water conditions.

Superação de dormência em sementes de três espécies de Ipomoea / Overcoming dormancy seed in three Ipomoea species

O conhecimento do método de superação de dormência mais adequado para cada espécie auxilia na identificação do tipo de dormência, bem como na definição de estratégias de manejo que permitam o controle mais eficaz. As espécies do gênero Ipomoea encontram-se amplamente distribuídas nos estados brasileiros, as mais comumente encontradas em lavouras de soja na região Sudoeste do Paraná são I. purpurea, I. indivisa e I. grandifolia. Assim, neste trabalho, o objetivo foi selecionar métodos eficazes de superação da dormência nas espécies Ipomoea indivisa, I. grandifolia e I. purpurea e determinar como eles influenciam na cinética da germinação das sementes dessas espécies. Os tratamentos utilizados foram água quente, escarificação mecânica, escarificação mecânica + resfriamento, escarificação química e testemunha. Na avaliação do efeito dos tratamentos, determinou-se a porcentagem de germinação, tempo médio, índice de velocidade e frequência relativa de germinação. A escarificação com ácido sulfúrico incrementou a germinação das sementes de I. indivisa e I. purpurea e o índice de velocidade de germinação àquelas de I. purpurea. O tratamento com água quente foi o mais eficiente em promover a germinação das sementes de I. grandifolia, e em reduzir o tempo médio de germinação das sementes de I. grandifolia e I. purpurea, de forma que, nos tratamentos de superação de dormência, há sincronização do processo de germinação.

The knowledge of the method of overcoming dormancy for each species helps in identification of dormancy type and to outline the most appropriate management strategies for effective control measures. The species of the genus Ipomoea are widely distributed in the Brazilian states, the most commonly found in soybean crops in the Southwest region of Paraná are I. purpurea, I. indivisa and I. grandifolia. In this research the aim was select methods of overcoming seed dormancy for species Ipomoea indivisa, I. grandifolia and I. purpurea, and determine how these methods influence the kinetic germination of these species. The treatments consisted of hot water, chiseling, chiseling plus cooling, chemical scarification and control. In evaluating the effect of the treatments were determined the germination percentage, mean germination time, germination speed index and relative frequency of germination. Scarification with sulfuric acid increased the germination of I. indivisa and I. purpurea seeds and the germination speed index of I. purpurea seeds. The hot water treatment was more effective in promoting germination of I. grandifolia seeds, and reduce the average time of germination of I. grandifolia and I. purpurea seeds, so that in treatments for overcoming dormancy there are synchronization of the germination process.

Seleção de espécies bioindicadoras para uso em bioensaios de lixiviação e persistência de Atrazina no solo / Selection of bioindicators for use on leaching and persistence of Atrazine in soil bioassays

Este experimento teve por objetivo selecionar espécies cultivadas com potencial para utilização como bioindicadoras da presença de atrazina em ensaios de persistência e lixiviação. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em bifatorial 5 x 6, sendo o fator A constituído pelas concentrações de atrazina com formulação WG (0, 150, 300, 600, 1200 g atrazina ha-1) e o fator B pelas espécies bioindicadoras: aveia branca, trigo, quiabo, tomate, ervilha e rabanete. Aplicou-se o herbicida atrazina em pré-emergência das espécies em solo argiloso. Realizaram-se quatro avaliações de estatura de planta, injúria e no fi nal do experimento foram determinadas as matérias verde e seca das partes aéreas. De forma geral, o experimento permitiu classifi car as espécies conforme seu nível de sensibilidade à atrazina: quiabo e ervilha evidenciaram pequena sensibilidade; aveia e trigo revelaram nível intermediário de sensibilidade, enquanto que o tomate e o rabanete apresentaram o mais alto nível de sensibilidade.

Sistemas de adubação de girassol e milho em consórcio de substituição / Fertilization systems of sunflower and corn in relay intercropping

O consórcio,de substituição, em que a segunda cultura é implantada após a primeira ter atingido a antese, é um sistema que apresenta grande potencial de utilização na pequena propriedade. No entanto, para que tenha maior eficiência, há a necessidade de se determinar práticas de manejo mais adequadas para este sistema, dentre as quais estão a época e a forma de aplicação de adubo nas culturas participantes. O presente trabalho foi conduzido em Eldorado do Sul - RS, ano agrícola 1993/94, com o objetivo de comparar o efeito de três sistemas de adubação de girassol e milho em consórcio de substituição. Duas cultivares de milho, uma de ciclo precoce e outra de ciclo normal foram implantadas em consórcio de substituição a girassol. Os sistemas de adubação consistiram de adubação dupla na linha no girassol, adubação dupla a lanço no girassol e adubação individual para girassol e milho. Como testemunhas, foram testados dois monocultivos de milho com adubação individual na linha. Na cultura do girassol, o rendimento de grãos e os componentes do rendimento não foram afetados pelos diferentes sistemas de adubação testados. Apenas o peso seco de planta de girassol foi 12,5 por cento superior no sistema de adubação dupla a lanço em relação ao de adubação individual em linha. Com a adubação dupla em linha na cultura do girassol os rendimentos de grãos das duas cultivares de milho foram similares aos dos sistemas com adubação individual por cultura. Já, com a adubação dupla a lanço na cultura do girassol houve uma resposta diferenciada entre cultivares. Enquanto para a cultivar precoce de milho o rendimento de grãos foi inferior, para a cultivar de ciclo normal ele foi similar ao do sistema com adubação individual por cultura.

The relay intercropping, where a second crop is established after the first one has reached the reproductive stage of growth, is a system that reveal great potential use in small farms. However, to achieve a more efficient system, it is necessary to determine management practices more suitable to this system, such as date and manner of fertilizer application in both crops. This work was conducted in Eldorado do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in the 1993/94 growing season. The objective ot these work was to compare the effect ot three tertilization systems in the relay intercropping of corn into suntiower. A early season and a late season corn cultivars were established in relay intercropping into sunflower. The fertilization systems were double row fertilization in sunflower, double broadcast fertilization in sunflower and individual row fertilization for sunflower and corn. The checks were two corn monocultures with individual row fertilization. Grain yield and yield components of sunflower crop were not affected by the fertilization systems tested. Sunflower biomass was 12.5 percent higher in double broadcast than in individual row fertilization system. Using double row fertilization in sunflower, the grain yield ot both com cultivars was similar to individual row fertilization in each crop. Differences were obtained between corn cultivars when double broadcast fertilization was used. The grain yield ot early season corn cultivar was lower than the grain yield of individual row fertilization, however, the grain yield of late season corn cultivar was similar.