Effect of aging on the coordination between equilibrium and movement: what changes?

This investigation studies the effect of aging on the coordination between equilibrium and trunk movement. Eight young adults and seven adults at the end of middle age bent their trunk forward and stabilized their position. The center of mass shift was studied as an indicator of equilibrium control as was the electromyographic pattern of the main muscles involved in the movement. The kinematic strategy responsible for both the movement and equilibrium control was quantified by performing a principal components analysis on the hip, knee, ankle angle changes occurring during the movement. We observed that the effect of aging can be detected early. It is not expressed as a deterioration of equilibrium control but rather as "over control". The kinematic strategy is modified, the central command adapted. These results could express the onset of a lesser ability to simplify the coordination between equilibrium and movement as young adults leading to its deterioration in the elderly.

Kinematic synergy adaptation to an unstable support surface and equilibrium maintenance during forward trunk movement.

The aim of this investigation was to study the adaptation to an unstable support surface of kinematic synergy responsible for equilibrium control during upper trunk movements. Eight adult subjects were asked to bend their upper trunk forward to an angle of 35 degrees and then to hold the final position for 3 s, first in a standard condition, with two feet on the ground and the second, on a rocking platform swinging in the sagittal plane. The movement characteristics (duration, amplitude, and mean angular velocity of the trunk), the time course of the antero-posterior center of mass (CM) shift during the movement, and the EMG pattern of the main muscles involved in the movement were studied under the two experimental conditions. Kinematic synergy was quantified by performing a principal component analysis on the hip, knee, and ankle angle changes occurring during the movement. The results indicate that (1) the CM shift from the very onset of the movement remains controlled during performance of the forward trunk movement when the equilibrium constraints were increased; (2) the principal component analysis of the hip, knee, and ankle angle changes occurring during the movement showed a transition from one principal component (PC(1)) in the standard condition to two components in the rocking platform condition; (3) the greatest contribution of PC(1) (weight coefficients) was located at the hip level in both the standard and rocking platform conditions, while the greatest contribution of PC(2) in the rocking platform condition was located at the ankle level; and (4) the EMG pattern underlying kinematic synergy is modified. It is concluded that a simple adaptation of kinematic synergy by changing the weight coefficients of each pair of joints participating in the movement is no longer sufficient when the equilibrium constraints increase and, rather, disturbs equilibrium. The CNS has to provide two parallel controls, one to perform the trunk movement and the other to preserve equilibrium.