Interelectrode (Accufix) lead fracture.

An interelectrode fracture was diagnosed 7 years after the implantation of an Accufix lead. The lead body separated from the tip with the helix screwed into the atrial wall. The retention wire was intact and may have contributed to the lead rupture.

Electromagnetic interference of external pacemakers by walkie-talkies and digital cellular phones: experimental study.

A number of experimental and clinical studies have documented the risk potential of interference with implanted pacemakers by various types of cellular phones. Radiofrequency susceptibility of external medical equipment has also been reported in experimental studies. The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate electromagnetic interference of external pacemakers by walkie-talkies and digital cellular telephones. External bipolar pacing was monitored using a digital oscilloscope to record pacemaker pulses and electromagnetic interference separately. Tests with the walkie-talkie, Private Mobile Radio (PMR) (160 MHz, 2.5 W) were conducted during the calling phase. Tests with the cellular phones, global system for mobile communications (GSM) (900 MHz, 2 W) and Digital Cellular System (DCS) (1,800 MHz, 1 W) were conducted in the test mode. Nine widely used external pacemakers from four manufacturers were tested. Various disturbances including pacing inhibition and asynchronous pacing were observed in eight pacemakers by the PMR, in four by the GSM phone, and in two by the DCS phone. The maximum distance that interference persisted ranged from 10-200 cm. This experimental study shows a potential risk of interference of external pacemakers by walkie-talkies and cellular digital phones. Appropriate warnings should be issued against the potentially serious risks of using communication devices in the vicinity of acutely ill patients treated with temporary transvenous cardiac pacemakers.

Surgical interruption of a left inferior vena cava following the transfemoral implantation of a permanent pacing lead.

This report describes the case of a patient in whom, after an unsuccessful attempt through the subclavian vein, a permanent pacing lead was inserted through the femoral vein and a left inferior vena cava with azygos continuation. The procedure was followed 4 months later by a pulmonary embolism complicating a right femoroiliac thrombosis. The patient was successfully treated by a percutaneous lead extraction procedure combined with an inferior vena caval surgical interruption.

Incidence of perforation and other mechanical complications during dual active fixation.

The intraoperative and early postoperative mechanical complications of a procedure combining an atrial screw-in lead and a ventricular screw-in lead insertion were prospectively evaluated. The procedure was performed in 119 consecutive patients (mean age 69 +/- 8 years), at first implant in 100 patients and at reoperation in 19. Nine patients had previously undergone cardiac surgery and three underwent transvenous ventricular defibrillator implantation. The double sets of leads were introduced through 2 separate veins in 5 cases, through a single venous route in 114 cases, using a percutaneous approach in 75 cases and a venous cutdown in 49, and a guidewire procedure following the venotomy in 19. The screw was mannitol coated in 102 cases, exposed in 111, and extendable/retractable in 25. The fixation of the ventricular lead was performed at the apex in 108 cases, at the outflow tract in 11, and was followed by the fixation of the atrial lead at the appendage in 112 cases and at the lateral wall in 7 cases. The lead positioning and fixation were successful at first attempt in 103 cases and after repeated lead manipulation in 19 cases. The rotational torque could be transferred to the helix in all cases except in one patient who required a second vein puncture. Unintentional fixation in the ventricular chamber with subsequent failure to remove the lead occurred in one patient. Reoperation for lead dislodgment was required in two patients. In one patient, symptomatic pericarditis with pericardial effusion was observed 1 day after the procedure and resolved spontaneously. Dual active fixation is feasible with a low incidence of mechanical complications.

Lead explantation late after atrial perforation.

This report describes the case of a patient in whom atrial perforation with penetration of the thoracic wall was diagnosed 2 years after the implantation of an Accufix lead. Despite this complication, atrial detection in the bipolar mode and ventricular pacing were normal. Digital fluoroscopy detected a fracture with extrusion of a short segment of the retention wire. The rupture of the retention wire might have been the result, but was not the cause of the perforation.