Selective synthesis of an elusive C-functional bis-cyclam and study of its inhibition of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor.

This article presents the controlled synthesis of a rare example of C,C'-linked bis-cyclam architecture in mild conditions through the "bis-aminal" route previously used for the advantageous synthesis of cyclam, N- and C-functional cyclams and N,N'-bis-cyclams. Two synthetic pathways were explored with the smart design of α,ß-unsaturated ketones or alkyl halides bis-cyclizing agents. The first led to the isolation of a key intermediate for the future design of N-functionalized bis-cyclams, whereas the second allowed the preparation of the targeted C,C'-xylylene-bis-cyclam under mild conditions with decent yield. This compound was then studied as a CXCR4 receptor inhibitor, one of the main applications known for bis-macrocyclic compounds, in particular in the context of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. Although results demonstrated that its potency is lower (i.e. 137-fold higher IC50) than the gold standard AMD3100 against HIV infection, clear evidence of CXCR4 inhibition is presented, confirming the potential of this novel architecture and related compounds in this research field.

A Phosphine Oxide-Functionalized Cyclam as a Specific Copper(II) Chelator.

Although cyclam-based ligands are among the strongest copper(II) chelators available, they also usually present good affinity for other divalent cations [Zn(II), Ni(II), and Co(II)], with no copper(II)-specific cyclam ligands having been described so far. As such a property is highly desirable in a wide range of applications, we present herein two novel phosphine oxide-appended cyclam ligands that could be efficiently synthesized through Kabachnik-Fields type reactions on protected cyclam precursors. Their copper(II) coordination properties were closely studied by different physicochemical techniques [electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, and potentiometry]. The mono(diphenylphosphine oxide)-functionalized ligand demonstrated a copper(II)-specific behavior, unprecedented within the cyclam family of ligands. This was evidenced by UV-vis complexation and competition studies with the parent divalent cations. Density functional theory calculations also confirmed that the particular ligand geometry in the complexes strongly favors copper(II) coordination over that of competing divalent cations, rationalizing the specificity observed experimentally.

Base-Stabilized Cationic Silyne with a π-Accepting Phosphonio Substituent.

A base-stabilized C-phosphonio-Si-amino-silyne 3 was synthesized, using an original method, through a coupling reaction between two Lewis-base-stabilized low-valent species: a silyliumylidene ion 1 and a P,S-bis-ylide 2 [C(0)-complex]. This new isolable cationic silyne 3 displays remarkably high stability at room temperature [t1/2 = 7 days in tetrahydrofuran (THF)] and a unique silyne reactivity thanks to the effect of phosphonio substituent.

New Triazacycloalkane Derivatives as Cytotoxic Agents for CLL Treatment: From Proof of Concept to the Targeting Biomolecule.

The 1,4,7-tris-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane ligand (no3py) and its bifunctional analogue no3pyCOOK were synthesized to investigate their action toward zinc(II) depletion related to the apoptosis phenomenon in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. no3py was used as the "free" ligand, while its "graftable" derivative was conjugated on a newly synthesized bifunctional sialoglycan, 6'-SL-NH2, selected to specifically bind CD22 biomarker expressed on the B-CLL cell surface. Both compounds were produced with good yields thanks to a Sonogashira coupling reaction and an orthoester function, respectively, for the chelator and the targeting moiety. The newly reported bioconjugate 6'-SL-no3py was then obtained through a peptidic coupling reaction. Biological in vitro studies of no3py and 6'-SL-no3py consisting of real-time detection of cell health (cytotoxicity and proliferation) and caspases 3/7 activation (crucial enzymes whose activation triggers cell death signaling pathways) have been investigated. First, Ramos, Daudi, and Raji B-cell lines, which present different sensitivity to zinc(II) content variation, were incubated with no3py and 6'-SL-no3py. Then, a videomicroscope allowed the real-time monitoring of the morphological changes leading to cell death from the detection of the cytotoxicity, the antiproliferative effect, and the caspasic activity. In terms of mechanism, the Zn2+ chelator cytotoxic effect of no3py has been evidenced by a culture medium ion supplementation study and by the decrease of intracellular fluorescence of Zn-specific fluorophore zinquin in the presence of no3py and 6'-SL-no3py chelators. Finally, flow cytometry analysis with classical Annexin V staining was conducted to detect no3py- and 6'-SL-no3py-induced apoptotic cell death in B-CLL cells. Time-course analysis, using the Incucyte Live-Cell Analysis System, demonstrated that no3py induced cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner with variability across cell lines. 6'-SL-no3py exhibited the same dose-dependent trend as no3py, showing the efficiency of the targeting moiety. In both cases, the chelators depicted proliferation curves that were inversely correlated with kinetic death. Morphological changes specific to apoptosis and caspase 3/7 activation were observed for the three cell lines treated with no3py and 6'-SL-no3py, highlighting their role as apoptotic agents. A higher concentration of 6'-SL-no3py is needed to reach 50% of the B-CLL mortality, confirming a targeting of the chelator to the cell membrane. Overall, our results proved that the biological properties of the triazamacrocyclic chelator still remain even after addition of the targeting moiety. The free chelator as well as the bioconjugate constitute promising cytotoxic agents for CLL therapy through apoptosis induction.

Cyclam-Based Chelators Bearing Phosphonated Pyridine Pendants for 64Cu-PET Imaging: Synthesis, Physicochemical Studies, Radiolabeling, and Bioimaging.

Herein we present the preparation of two novel cyclam-based macrocycles (te1pyp and cb-te1pyp), bearing phosphonate-appended pyridine side arms for the coordination of copper(II) ions in the context of 64Cu PET imaging. The two ligands have been prepared through conventional protection-alkylation sequences on cyclam, and their coordination properties have been thoroughly investigated. The corresponding copper complexes have been fully characterized in the solid state (X-ray diffraction analysis) and in solution (EPR and UV-vis spectroscopies). Potentiometric studies combined with spectrometry have also allowed us to determine their thermodynamic stability constants, confirming their high affinity for copper(II) cations. The kinetic inertness of the complexes has been verified by acid-assisted dissociation experiments, enabling their use in 64Cu-PET imaging in mice for the first time. Indeed, the two ligands could be quantitatively radiolabeled under mild conditions, and the resulting 64Cu complexes have demonstrated excellent stability in serum. PET imaging demonstrated a set of features emerging from the combination of picolinates and phosphonate units: high stability in vivo, fast clearance from the body via renal elimination, and most interestingly, very low fixation in the liver. This is in contrast with what was observed for monopicolinate cyclam (te1pa), which had a non-negligible accumulation in the liver, owing probably to its different charge and lipophilicity. These results thus pave the way for the use of such phosphonated pyridine chelators for in vivo 64Cu-PET imaging.

Formation of Heteropolynuclear Lanthanide Complexes Using Macrocyclic Phosphonated Cyclam-Based Ligands.

Ligands L1 and L2, respectively based on a cyclam and a cross-bridged cyclam scaffold functionalized at N1 and N8 by 6-phosphonic-2-methylene pyridyl groups, are described. While complexation of lanthanide (Ln) cations with L2 was not possible, a family of complexes has been prepared with L1, of the general formulae [LnL1H2]Cl (Ln3+ = Lu, Tb, Yb) or [LnL1H] (Ln3+ = Eu). The solution, structural, potentiometric, and photophysical data for these novel ligands and their complexes have been investigated, including a solid-state study by X-ray diffraction (L1, L2, and [EuL1H]), 1H NMR complexation investigations (Lu3+), as well as UV-vis absorption and luminescence spectroscopy in water and D2O (pH ≈ 7). L1 forms 1:1 metal-ligand stoichiometric octadentate complexes in solution. Importantly, the pyridyl phosphonate functions are capable of simultaneous chelation to the metal center and of interaction with a second metal center. 1H NMR (Lu3+) and spectrophotometric titrations of the isolated [TbL1]- complex by EuCl3 salts demonstrated the formation of high-order (hetero)polymetallic species in aqueous solution (H2O, pH = 7). Global analysis of the luminescence titration experiment points to the formation of 4:1, 3:1, and 3:2 [TbL1]/Eu heteropolynuclear assemblies, exhibiting a strong preference to forming [TbL1]3Eu2 at increased europium concentrations, with energy transfer occurring between the kinetically inert terbium complex and added europium cations.

Synthesis, Conformational Analysis, and Complexation Study of an Iminosugar-Aza-Crown, a Sweet Chiral Cyclam Analog.

A new family of chiral C2 symmetric tetraazamacrocycles, coined ISAC for IminoSugar Aza-Crown, incorporating two iminosugars adopting a 4C1 conformation is disclosed. Multinuclear NMR experiments on the corresponding Cd2+ complex show that the ISAC is a strong chelator in water and its tetramine cavity adopts a conformation similar to that of the parent Cd-cyclam complex. Similar behavior is observed with Cu2+ in solution, with enhanced stability compared to the Cu-cyclam complex.

Donor-Stabilized Silylene/Phosphine-Supported Carbon(0) Center with High Electron Density.

An isolable donor-stabilized silavinylidene phosphorane was synthesized. This molecule, which can also be regarded as a new carbon(0) complex featuring a phosphine and a donor-stabilized silylene ligand, presents a central carbon atom with a remarkably high electron density (-1.82). Furthermore, the experimental electron-density study of this compound demonstrates the delocalization of the σ-lone pair at the central carbon atom toward the silicon center, a feature which is remarkably different from electronic situation of other bent-allene-type molecules. This result clearly demonstrates the powerful electron-donating ability of donor-stabilized silylene ligands, as well as their excellent electron-acceptor properties.

Silacyclopropylideneplatinum(0) Complex as a Robust and Efficient Hydrosilylation Catalyst.

The base-stabilized silacyclopropylidene 1 behaves as a versatile strongly nucleophilic ligand toward transition metals. The strong silylene-metal binding related to both increased σ-donating and π-accepting character of silylene 1 compared to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) allowed the synthesis of robust and air-stable silylene complexes. Of particular interest, the corresponding platinum(0) complex 6 exhibits high stability and a high level of selectivity and catalytic activity in hydrosilylation reactions that is superior to that of the related NHC-Pt(0) complexes.

Donor/Acceptor-Stabilized 1-Silaketene: Reversible [2+2] Cycloaddition with Pyridine and Evolution by an Olefin Metathesis Reaction.

The reaction of silacyclopropylidene 1 with benzaldehyde generates a 1-silaketene complex 2 by a formal atomic silicon insertion into the C=O bond of the aldehyde. The highly reactive 1-silaketene 2 undergoes a reversible [2+2] cycloaddition with pyridine to give sila-ß-lactam 3. Of particular interest, in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1-silaketene complex 2 evolves through an intramolecular olefin metathesis reaction, generating a new 1-silaketene complex 8 and cis-stilbene. Theoretical studies suggest that the reaction proceeds through the formation of a transient silacyclobutanone, a four-membered-ring intermediate, similar to that proposed by Chauvin and co-workers for the transition-metal-based olefin metathesis.

Donor-Stabilized Silacyclobutanone: A Precursor of 1-Silaketene via Retro-[2 + 2]-Cycloaddition Reaction at Room Temperature.

The synthesis of donor-stabilized silacyclobutanone 2 was successfully realized by the reaction of silacyclopropylidene 1 with benzaldehyde in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst. Of particular interest, silacyclobutanone 2 evolves at room temperature via a retro-[2 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction, leading to an original NHC-stabilized 1-silaketene 4 and cis-stilbene.

One-Electron Oxidation of [M(P(t) Bu3 )2 ] (M=Pd, Pt): Isolation of Monomeric [Pd(P(t) Bu3 )2 ](+) and Redox-Promoted C-H Bond Cyclometalation.

Oxidation of zero-valent phosphine complexes [M(P(t) Bu3 )2 ] (M=Pd, Pt) has been investigated in 1,2-difluorobenzene solution using cyclic voltammetry and subsequently using the ferrocenium cation as a chemical redox agent. In the case of palladium, a mononuclear paramagnetic Pd(I) derivative was readily isolated from solution and fully characterized (EPR, X-ray crystallography). While in situ electrochemical measurements are consistent with initial one-electron oxidation, the heavier congener undergoes C-H bond cyclometalation and ultimately affords the 14 valence-electron Pt(II) complex [Pt(κ(2) PC -P(t) Bu2 CMe2 CH2 )(P(t) Bu3 )](+) with concomitant formation of [Pt(P(t) Bu3 )2 H](+) .

Synthesis and characterization of an isolable base-stabilized silacycloprop-1-ylidene.

Strained but stable: An isolable silacycloprop-1-ylidene stabilized by intramolecular complexation with an iminophosphorus ylide fragment was successfully synthesized and fully characterized. The formation of this small highly strained cyclic silylene involves an unprecedented Si(IV)→Si(II) rearrangement under very mild conditions.