Young Professionals in Neuroradiology: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions.

The Young Professionals Committee of the American Society of Neuroradiology identifies and serves the interests of young professionals in neuroradiology, defined as those still in training or within 5 years of its completion. Being a young professional is an exciting, dynamic, and demanding stage of one's professional career. As the landscape of neuroradiology practice changes, new opportunities and challenges occur for those in the early stage of their career. It is important to recognize and support the needs of young professionals because an investment in their professional development is an investment in the future of our specialty. In this article, we aimed to address the most notable developments relevant to current and future young professionals in neuroradiology as well as highlight the work done by the Young Professionals Committee of the American Society of Neuroradiology in serving the needs of these young professionals, focusing on early neuroradiology engagement, flexible work arrangements, private practice, social media, artificial intelligence, and international collaborations.

Imaging of Inherited Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders.

"Inherited metabolic disorders represent a large group of disorders of which approximately 25% present in neonatal period with acute metabolic decompensation, rapid clinical deterioration, and often nonspecific imaging findings. Neonatal onset signifies the profound severity of the metabolic abnormality compared with cases with later presentation and necessitates rapid diagnosis and urgent therapeutic measures in an attempt to decrease the extent of brain injury and prevent grave neurologic sequela or death. Here, the authors discuss classification and clinical and imaging findings in a spectrum of metabolic and endocrine disorders with neonatal presentation."

2021 Top Images in Radiology: Radiology In Training Editors' Choices.

Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Vascular anomalies of the head and neck: diagnosis and treatment.

Vascular malformations and vascular tumors comprise the two specific subsets of vascular anomalies that arise as a result of disorganized angiogenesis and neoplasm, respectively. Malformations are separate entities from vascular tumors (e.g., hemangiomas) and are recognized by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) as such. Vascular malformations are classified into four main groups: simple, combined, anomalies of major vessels, and those associated with other vascular anomalies. Vascular tumors are neoplastic growths of blood vessels and are morphologically and molecularly distinct from malformations but can arise in the head and neck and have syndromic association. Head and neck vascular anomalies are not uncommon in the pediatric population and require special care in the workup, diagnostic imaging and clinical care. The purpose of this manuscript is to discuss the diagnosis and management of the most common intracranial and extracranial vascular malformations and tumors in the head and neck in children and adolescents.

Increasing and disparate use of neuroimaging for adults and children with non-traumatic headaches in the US emergency departments: Opportunities for improvement.

BACKGROUND: Optimization of neuroimaging practices for headache is considered a national priority; however, nationwide patterns and predictors of neuroimaging use for headache in the US emergency departments (EDs) are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To analyze temporal neuroimaging utilization trends for adults and children with non-traumatic headache in the US EDs and identify factors predictive of neuroimaging use in this patient population. METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional study using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Emergency Department Sample database for administrative encounter-level data analysis of a nationwide group of adult and pediatric patients with primary diagnosis of headache (ICD-9CM codes 784.0x, 339.xx, 346.xx) visited the US EDs between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2014. Temporal trends and independent predictors of neuroimaging use (e.g., patient and hospital characteristics, primary payment sources) were determined. RESULTS: In 2006-2014, a weighted group of 18,146,302 patients with a primary diagnosis of non-traumatic headache visited US EDs. Advanced neuroimaging utilization increased from 18.6% (n = 350,777) to 34.8% (n = 756,895) in the total group, from 18.8% (n = 314,646) to 36.5% (n = 698,080) in the adult subgroup (+94.1%), and from 16.9% (n = 36,131) to 22.0% (n = 58,815) (+30.2%) in the pediatric subgroup (+87.0%) between 2006 and 2014. The strongest predictors of higher neuroimaging utilization were hospital location in the Northeast (OR 3.17, 95% CI 2.67-3.76) or South (OR 2.42, 95% CI 2.03-2.88) regions. Lower utilization of imaging was associated with weekend ED visits (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.92-0.93), female gender (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.81-0.83), and Medicare, Medicaid, or self-pay (vs. private insurance) encounters. CONCLUSION: Neuroimaging utilization in patients with headache in US EDs nearly doubled in 2006-2014, and was used in 34.8% of all ED encounters in 2014. Utilization was higher and increased at faster rates for adults than children. In US EDs, imaging for headache is preferentially performed on commercially insured and male patients, at urban hospitals, in certain geographic regions, and on weekdays, raising concerns regarding disparate imaging use.

Imaging Utilization in Children With Headaches: Current Status and Opportunities for Improvement.

BACKGROUND: Despite a variety of evidence-based guidelines documents, imaging is anecdotally commonly used in the setting of children with headaches, but the frequency of such imaging is unknown. We assessed the use of and estimated costs of imaging utilization in children with headaches at a pediatric hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospectively reviewing charts of all relevant imaging examinations in 2015, we focused on radiology reports with indications containing the terms "headache" or "migraine" and excluded patients who fulfilled evidence-based criteria in support of obtaining imaging. All radiology results were recorded and categorized as normal, likely causative, possibly causative, or unlikely causative of headache. Societal costs were estimated using allowable Medicare fees, and losses of total facility time were estimated using scheduled examination slots. RESULTS: In 2015, 4,257 imaging studies were performed for indications of headache or migraine. Of these, 3,098 (73%) met our exclusion criteria, meaning they had appropriate indications, and 1,159 (27%) were presumably imaged outside of guideline recommendations. Overall, 19.8% (230 of 1,159) had diagnoses that were likely or potentially causative of headaches, and 71.2% (825 of 1,159) were normal. The remainder had findings unlikely to cause headaches. The total estimated societal cost of imaging studies for presumed primary headache imaging at our institution in 2015 was $322,422. The loss of imaging time was 845.3 hours. CONCLUSION: Given the large number of normal examinations and the inappropriate use of radiography, imaging utilization in children with headaches can likely be improved. In addition to reducing ionizing radiation and the need for sedation, reductions in unnecessary imaging would result in societal cost savings and increase imaging capacity for other patients.