[Long head of the biceps pathologies : diagnosis and treatments]. / Diagnostics et traitements des pathologies du long chef du biceps.

The long head of the biceps (LHB) tendon is a common source of shoulder pain. Often associated with other injuries, the tendon can alone be responsible of the symptoms. Spontaneous rupture has been observed to allow for pain relief. The spectrum of LHB lesions is broad. Repetitive motion, carrying heavy loads, have been associated with diagnosis. Specific tests have been described to diagnose biceps injuries, their implementation can remain difficult in the presence of associated pathologies. The combination of a history and clinical examination with the use of targeted imaging is required to establish the diagnosis. The management of bicipital pathologies is frequently carried out following main surgical procedures. Isolated management of biceps lesions can provide a satisfactory result when a comprehensive procedure cannot be performed.

Le tendon du long chef du biceps (LCB) est une source fréquente de douleurs à l'épaule. Souvent associé à d'autres atteintes, il peut être seul responsable de la symptomatologie et sa rupture peut apporter un soulagement « salvateur ¼. Le spectre des lésions du LCB est large. Les mouvements répétés de lancer, tirer ou le port de charges ont été associés à une atteinte du LCB. De nombreux examens spécifiques ont été développés afin de diagnostiquer ces lésions. Leur réalisation peut rester un défi clinique en cas de pathologies associées. Une anamnèse, un examen clinique ainsi qu'une imagerie ciblée sont requis pour établir le diagnostic. La prise en charge de ces lésions est souvent réalisée durant des procédures chirurgicales principales. Leur prise en charge isolée permet un résultat fonctionnel satisfaisant lorsqu'un geste exhaustif ne peut être réalisé.

Multidisciplinary and Coordinated Management of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: Current State of the Art.

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) present a significant health concern, affecting a substantial portion of the older adult population worldwide. This narrative review explores the prevalence, diagnostic challenges and management strategies for OVCFs. Despite the increasing incidence and impact on morbidity and mortality, existing clinical guidelines lack consistency and clear diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations. The review addresses key questions faced by physicians dealing with older adult patients experiencing acute back pain, offering insights into triage, radiological assessments and classification systems. We propose a comprehensive algorithm for clearing OVCF, considering clinical presentation, radiological findings and morphological aspects. Emphasis is placed on the importance of medically treating osteoporosis alongside OVCF management. The review encompasses relevant literature from 1993 to 2023, provides a detailed discussion on triage issues and incorporates a clinically oriented classification system developed by the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma. The Material and Methods section outlines the extensive literature search carried out in PUBMED, encompassing clinical and experimental studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The articles retained focused mainly on answering critical questions regarding radiological assessments, imaging modalities and the presence of a specific classification system for OVCFs. The review emphasises that the evaluation and management of OVCFs necessitates a multidisciplinary approach involving spine specialists and bone disease experts. It also addresses the role of conservative versus surgical treatments, with a focus on percutaneous vertebral augmentation. The conclusion summarises the algorithm derived for use in emergency departments and general practice, aiming to streamline OVCF management, reduce unnecessary examinations and ensure optimal patient care. The algorithm recommends primary diagnosis using computed tomography, with magnetic resonance imaging reserved for specific cases. The review advocates a holistic approach, integrating medical and surgical interventions to address the complex challenges posed by OVCFs in ageing populations.

Rationale and techniques for Posterior Opening Wedge Osteotomy (POWO) in proximal junctional failure due to iatrogenic lumbar hyperlordosis.

Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is a compensatory phenomenon in reaction to pathologic lumbar hyperlordosis. Inappropriate spinal curve harmony incurs risk of PJK. Postoperative failure of posterior instrumentation, with kyphosis resistant to revision surgery at the proximal junction, may be caused by excessive iatrogenic lumbar lordosis. The surgical attitude should be to decrease lumbar lordosis by posterior opening wedge osteotomy (POWO). We describe the rationale for POWO and surgical techniques at L3. The technique is illustrated by a case report at 24 months' follow-up. Based on rational analysis of the distribution of lordosis along the lumbar spine and of adaptation of the sitting position, POWO may be indicated to avoid PJK after revision surgery in adult spinal Deformation revision surgery.

The sacro-iliac joint: A potentially painful enigma. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of pain from micro-trauma.

The sacro-iliac joint (SIJ) located at the transition between the spine and the lower limbs is subjected to major shear forces. Mobility at the SIJ is very limited but increases during pregnancy and the post-partum period. Familiarity with the anatomy and physiology of the SIJ is important. The SIJ is a diarthrodial joint that connects two variably undulating cartilage surfaces, contains synovial fluid, and is enclosed within a capsule strengthened by several ligaments. This lecture does not discuss rheumatic or inflammatory diseases of the SIJ, whose diagnosis relies on imaging studies and blood tests. Instead, it focuses on micro-traumatic lesions. Micro-trauma causes chronic SIJ pain, which must be differentiated from hip pain and spinal pain. The diagnosis rests on specific clinical provocation tests combined with a local injection of anaesthetic. Findings are normal from radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging. Non-operative treatment with exercise therapy and stretching aims primarily to strengthen the latissimus dorsi, gluteus, and hamstring muscles to increase SIJ coaptation. Other physical treatments have not been proven effective. Radiofrequency denervation of the dorsal sensory rami has shown some measure of efficacy, although the effects tend to wane over time. Patients with refractory pain may benefit from minimally invasive SIJ fusion by trans-articular implantation of screws or plugs, which has provided good success rates.

The mechanism in junctional failure of thoraco-lumbar fusions. Part I: Biomechanical analysis of mechanisms responsible of vertebral overstress and description of the cervical inclination angle (CIA).

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to describe the biomechanical theory explaining junctional breakdowns in thoraco-lumbar fusions, by taking the example of vertebral compression fractures. Also, a new angle, the cervical inclination angle (CIA), describing the relative position of the head at each vertebral level, is presented. METHODS: For the CIA, the data were collected from 137 asymptomatic subjects of a prospective database, containing clinical and radiologic informations. All the 137 subjects have an Oswestry score less than 15% and a pain score less than 2/10 and were part of a previously published study describing the Odontoïd-hip axis angle (ODHA). For each vertebral level from T1 to T12, the CIA as well as the vertical and horizontal distances was measured in reference to the sella turcica (ST), and a vertical line drawn from the ST. Average values and correlation coefficients were calculated. RESULTS: The CIA is an angle whose average value varies very little between T1 and T5 (74.9°-76.85°), and then increases progressively from T6 to T12. T1-T5 vertebra are always in line within the thoracic spine for each subject and can be considered as a straight T1-T5 segment. In addition, it was found that the vertical inclination of T1-T5 segment is correlated with the C7 slope (R 2 = 0.6383). CONCLUSION: The T1-T5 segment inclination is correlated with the C7 slope, and because the latter defines the cervical curve as previously shown, the T1-T5 segment can be considered as the base from which the cervical spine originates. Its role is, thus, similar to the pelvis and its sacral slope, which is the base from which the lumbar spine originates. The CIA along with the ODHA, which describes the adequacy of the global balance in young and elderly asymptomatic populations, are two important parameters that could help us to better understand junctional breakdowns in thoraco-lumbar fusion surgeries.