RESUMO
Polymicrogyria (PMG) is characterized by an excessive number of small and prominent brain gyri, separated by shallow sulci. Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria (BPP) is the most common form of PMG. Clinical signs include pseudobulbar paresis, mental retardation, and epilepsy. Familial forms of BPP have been described and a candidate locus was previously mapped to chromosome Xq28, distal do marker DXS8103. The objective of this study was to perform linkage analysis in one family segregating BPP. A total of 15 individuals, including 8 affected patients with BPP were evaluated. Family members were examined by a neurologist and subjected to magnetic resonance imaging scans. Individuals were genotyped for 18 microsatellite markers, flanking a 42.3 cM interval on ch Xq27-q28. Two-point and multipoint linkage analysis was performed using the LINKAGE package and haplotype reconstruction was performed by GENEHUNTER software. Our results showed a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations in affected individuals with BPP, ranging from normal to mild neurological abnormalities. Two-point linkage analysis yield a Zmax = 2.06 at theta = 0.00 for markers DXS1205 and DXS1227. Multipoint lod-scores indicate a candidate interval of 13 cM between markers DSXS1205 and DXS8043, on ch Xq27.2-Xq27.3. These results point to a new locus for BPP in a more centromeric location than previously reported.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos X/genética , Malformações do Desenvolvimento Cortical/genética , Adulto , Córtex Cerebral/anormalidades , Criança , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Feminino , Genótipo , Haplótipos , Humanos , Escore Lod , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Malformações do Desenvolvimento Cortical/patologia , Malformações do Desenvolvimento Cortical/psicologia , Repetições de Microssatélites , LinhagemRESUMO
We describe the clinical and molecular evaluation of two patients, mother and daughter (proband), with bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia (BPNH). The clinical evaluation revealed a more severe phenotype in the proband, with mental retardation and seizures. Imaging studies showed bilateral periventricular nodules in both patients. We identified a novel mutation, c.987G-->C mutation in exon 6 of the Filamin A (FLNA) gene in the genomic DNA of both patients. Complementary DNA (cDNA) sequencing revealed the maintenance of intron 6 in the mutated allele. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that the mutation identified in both patients probably destroyed the intron 6 donor-splicing site, which is likely to introduce a premature stop codon resulting in a truncated FLNA protein. In addition, X-chromosome inactivation studies in DNA of blood cells revealed a skewed pattern in the proband, and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed a higher expression of the mutated allele in the proband compared to that of the mother. This variation in expression of the mutated allele may be responsible for the differences in the clinical manifestations observed in both patients.
Assuntos
Proteínas Contráteis/genética , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Heterotopia Nodular Periventricular/genética , Splicing de RNA/genética , Adulto , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Códon sem Sentido/genética , Epilepsia/genética , Epilepsia/patologia , Éxons/genética , Saúde da Família , Feminino , Filaminas , Humanos , Íntrons/genética , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Heterotopia Nodular Periventricular/patologia , Fenótipo , Inativação do Cromossomo XRESUMO
Ropivacaine (RVC) is an enantiomerically pure local anesthetic (LA) largely used in surgical procedures, which presents physico-chemical and therapeutic properties similar to those of bupivacaine (BPV), but associated to less systemic toxicity. This study focuses on the development and pharmacological evaluation of a RVC in 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) inclusion complex. Phase-solubility diagrams allowed the determination of the association constant between RVC and HP-beta-CD (9.46 M(-1)) and showed an increase on RVC solubility upon complexation. Release kinetics revealed a decrease on RVC release rate and reduced hemolytic effects after complexation (onset at 3.7 mM and 11.2mM for RVC and RVC HP-beta-CD, respectively) were observed. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray analysis (X-ray) showed the formation and the morphology of the complex. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and job-plot experiments afforded data regarding inclusion complex stoichiometry (1:1) and topology. Sciatic nerve blockade studies showed that RVC HP-beta-CD was able to reduce the latency without increasing the duration of motor blockade, but prolonging the duration and intensity of the sensory blockade (p<0.001) induced by the LA in mice. These results identify the RVC HP-beta-CD complex as an effective novel approach to enhance the pharmacological effects of RVC, presenting it as a promising new anesthetic formulation.
