Stereoselective Synthesis of Baloxavir Marboxil Using Diastereoselective Cyclization and Photoredox Decarboxylation of l-Serine.

Baloxavir marboxil (1; BXM) is a potent drug used for treating influenza infections. The current synthetic route to BXM (1) is based on optical resolution; however, this method results in the loss of nearly 50% of the material. This study aimed to describe an efficient and simpler method for the synthesis of BXM. We achieved a stereoselective synthesis of BXM (1). The tricyclic triazinanone core possessing a chiral center was prepared via diastereoselective cyclization utilizing the readily available amino acid l-serine. The carboxyl moiety derived from l-serine was removed via photoredox decarboxylation under mild conditions to furnish the chiral tricyclic triazinanone core ((R)-14). The synthetic route demonstrated herein provides an efficient and atomically economical method for preparing this potent anti-influenza agent.

Development of a Manufacturing Process toward the Convergent Synthesis of the COVID-19 Antiviral Ensitrelvir.

We describe the development of the practical manufacturing of Ensitrelvir, which was discovered as a SARS-CoV-2 antiviral candidate. Scalable synthetic methods of indazole, 1,2,4-triazole and 1,3,5-triazinone structures were established, and convergent couplings of these fragments enabled the development of a concise and efficient scale-up process to Ensitrelvir. In this process, introducing a meta-cresolyl moiety successfully enhanced the stability of intermediates. Compared to the initial route at the early research and development stage, the overall yield of the longest linear sequence (6 steps) was improved by approximately 7-fold. Furthermore, 9 out of the 12 isolated intermediates were crystallized directly from each reaction mixture without any extractive workup (direct isolation). This led to an efficient and environmentally friendly manufacturing process that minimizes waste of organic solvents, reagents, and processing time. This practical process for manufacturing Ensitrelvir should contribute to protection against COVID-19.

A mild method for the synthesis of carbamate-protected guanidines using the Burgess reagent.

A simple method for the synthesis of carbamate-protected guanidines from primary amines is described. A variety of thioureas derived from primary amines and isothiocyanates react with the Burgess reagent to give the corresponding guanidines via either a stepwise or one-pot procedure. By tuning the carbamoyl units of isothiocyanates and the Burgess reagent, differentially N,N'-diprotected guanidines can be obtained. Selective deprotection of the products affords N-monoprotected guanidines.

Novel approach to 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives via cyclopropane ring expansion.

N-(1'-Alkoxy)cyclopropyl-2-haloanilines are transformed to 3,4-dihydro-2((1)H)-quinolinones via palladium-catalyzed cyclopropane ring expansion. The reaction tolerates a variety of functional groups such as ester, nitrile, ether, and ketone groups.

Synthesis of alpha-chloroaldoxime O-methanesulfonates and their use in the synthesis of functionalized benzimidazoles.

Three different alpha-chloroaldoxime O-methanesulfonates were synthesized to investigate their chemical properties. The compounds were found to be stable and were able to be stored at ambient temperature without any precautions. The reactions with anilines were investigated, and it was found that an additive is required to activate the sulfonate. TMEDA was found to be the most efficient additive, and various benzimidazoles were synthesized through the reaction.

N-cyclopropylation of indoles and cyclic amides with copper(II) reagent.

Copper-mediated coupling reactions of cyclopropylboronic acid with indoles and cyclic amides are described. The process utilizes catalytic or stoichiometric amounts of copper(II) acetate, DMAP, and NaHMDS at 95 degrees C under an atmosphere containing oxygen. A variety of functional groups remain intact throughout the reaction.

Reaction of silyldihalomethyllithiums with nitriles: formation of alpha-keto acylsilanes via azirines and 1,3-rearrangement of silyl group from C to N.

A synthesis of alpha-keto acylsilanes, where 2-bromo-2H-azirine participates as a key intermediate, is reported. The reaction of silyldibromomethyllithium with aryl nitriles provides alpha-keto acylsilanes in good yields. Interestingly, silyldichloromethyllithium induces aza-1,3-Brook rearrangement of the silyl group in th reaction with nitriles. The rearrangement enables a three-component coupling reaction in a one-pot operation.

Et3B-induced radical addition of N,N-dichlorosulfonamide to alkenes and pyrrolidine formation via radical annulation.

A highly regioselective radical addition of N,N-dichlorobenzenesulfonamide (dichloramine-B) to 1-alkenes is achieved at -78 degrees C by the use of triethylborane as a radical initiator. The reaction of 1,3-dienes with N,N-dichlorosulfonamide in the presence of Et(3)B regioselectively provides N-chloro-N-allylamide derivatives. N-chloro-N-allylamides thus obtained react with a variety of alkenes to furnish pyrrolidine derivatives in good yields. A radical annulation reaction among N,N-dichlorosulfonamide, 1,3-dienes, and alkenes has been developed.