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1.
Surg Radiol Anat ; 2024 Jul 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38963432

RESUMO

PURPOSE: A deep knowledge of the variations of the posterior forearm musculature is crucial for assessing and diagnosing conditions in this region. Extensor indicis (EI) is one of the muscles in this region, which exhibits diverse anatomical variations. This report documents an extremely unusual form of the EI with an accessory head on the dorsum of the hand. METHODS: During routine dissection, an extremely rare presentation of the EI was found in the left forearm of a 94-year-old female cadaver. RESULTS: This unusual EI consisted of two muscle bellies. The traditional belly originated from the distal two-thirds of the ulna. The muscle became tendinous around the carpal area, distal to the extensor retinaculum. The tendon was subsequently joined by an accessory muscle belly originating from the distal radioulnar ligament. The EI tendon inserted onto the dorsal expansion of the index finger, ulnar to that of the extensor digitorum. The posterior interosseous nerve innervated the muscle. CONCLUSION: Herein, we report an extremely rare form of the EI. To our knowledge, EI with an accessory head has only been reported rarely over the past 200 years. Moreover, our report appears to be the first case with photographic details of this anatomical variation. Clinicians should be aware of this variation for proper diagnosis and treatment.

2.
Ann Anat ; 255: 152297, 2024 Jun 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38936747

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Current anatomical knowledge of the origin of the bucinator muscle (BM), i.e., long thin attachments on the maxilla and mandible and the pterygomandibular raphe (PMR), is not supported by anatomical dissection of this muscle. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the detailed morphology of the BM and associated structures and to discuss its function. METHODS: The anatomy of the BM and related structures was investigated in 15 cadaveric heads using a surgical microscope and histological analysis. RESULTS: The inferior fibers of the BM originated from a small retromolar area (internal oblique line), which shared a common tendon with the deep tendon of the temporalis. The superior fibers of the BM originated from the maxillary tuberosity. The middle fibers originated the pterygoid hamulus. No PMR was identified in any of the specimens, but the border between the BM and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (SC) was clear because the muscle fibers followed different directions. Some horizontal fibers were continuous between the BM and SC. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest the need to revise established accounts of the origins of the bucinator (the maxillary tuberosity, conjoint tendon of the temporalis, and pterygoid hamulus without a pterygomandibular raphe. It also needs to be noted that some of its fibers merge directly with the SC.

3.
Ochsner J ; 24(2): 124-130, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38912189

RESUMO

Background: Salvage revisions of atlantoaxial (AA) joint complex posterior segmental instrumented fusion constructs require careful individualized planning to prevent occipital extension. In this case report, we describe the use of bilateral intrafacet spacer placement as a mobility-sparing bailout option for the revision surgery. Case Report: A 64-year-old male with a history of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, extremely limited baseline cervical mobility, and prior AA posterior segmental instrumented fusion presented with increasing pain at his 6-month follow-up. Imaging showed fusion and hardware failures and dynamic instability. To prevent occipitocervical fixation, AA intra-articular fusion via a DTRAX spinal system (Providence Medical Technology, Inc) was used as an adjunct to a navigated C1 lateral mass and C2 pars screw posterior segmental instrumented fusion construct. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged with resolution of symptoms. Three-month postoperative follow-up confirmed persistent resolution of symptoms and absence of complaints, along with successful arthrodesis on imaging. Conclusion: AA posterior segmental instrumented fusion revision is technically challenging, particularly when partial preservation of craniovertebral junction mobility is required. Bilateral intra-articular cages may be used as an adjunct to hardware revision in construct salvage when sturdy arthrodesis is desired without occipital extension and may represent a major potential strength of intra-articular cages.

4.
Clin Anat ; 37(5): 485, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38845166
5.
J Craniofac Surg ; 2024 Jun 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38885157

RESUMO

Among the anatomical spaces in the head and neck area, the buccal space has often been studied in dental/oral surgery and cosmetic surgery because it contains the facial vessels, mandibular and facial nerves, and adipose tissue called the buccal fat pad. In addition, as the space can communicate with other spaces, it can be significant in infections. Although the anatomy of the buccal space has been reported in several studies, there have been discrepancies concerning its boundaries, and its communications have often been overlooked. The aim of this review is to examine the anatomy of buccal space including its boundaries, contents, continuity with adjacent spaces, and clinical significance. A literature review was performed on Google Scholar and PubMed. The literature has depicted the anterior, medial, and lateral boundaries more or less consistently, but descriptions of the posterior, superior, and inferior borders are controversial. The buccal space includes the facial arteries, veins, facial nerves, parotid duct, and lymph nodes, which can be described differently depending on definitions and the extent of the space. As it communicates with other anatomical spaces including the masticatory space, it can be a reservoir and a channel for infections and tumors. Buccal fat pads have various clinical applications, from a candidate for flap reconstruction to a target for removal for cosmetic purposes. This review will help understand the anatomy of the buccal space including its boundaries, residing structures, and communication with other spaces from surgical and radiological perspectives.

6.
Surg Radiol Anat ; 2024 Jun 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38900204

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Ossification of the mamillo-accessory ligament (MAL) results in the formation of a mamillo-accessory foramen (MAF), which is associated with aging. The MAL tethers the medial branches of the lumbar dorsal rami to the lumbar vertebrae. A MAL ossified at the lumbar vertebrae can cause low back pain by compressing the medial branch of a dorsal ramus. Age ranges related to ossification of the MAL have not been reported in previous studies. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of ossification of the MAL in the lumbar column and its relationship to aging, and to measure the newly formed MAF at each level of the lumbar vertebrae. METHODS: This study examined 935 dried lumbar vertebrae from 187 donors at Khon Kaen University, Thailand, consisting of 93 females and 94 males. The research focused on ossification patterns of the MAL, categorizing them into three patterns. RESULTS: We found that over 50% of ossified MAL occurred in the 30-45-year-old range and the frequency increased with age. The prevalence of ossified lumbar MAL was 72.73%, especially in L5 on the left side in females (76.92%). The width of the MAF did not differ significantly between the sexes, but it was greater on the left side (2.46 ± 1.08; n = 76) than the right (2.05 ± 0.95; n = 72) (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Ossification of the MAL into the MAF progresses with age, leading to low back pain from nerve compression. Physicians should be aware of the MAF during anesthesia block to treat low back pain.

7.
Clin Anat ; 2024 Jun 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38845406

RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the superficial medial collateral ligament distal tibial attachment (sMCL-dTA) morphologically and morphometrically. Seventeen unpaired formalin-fixed cadaveric knees were used. The sMCL was divided into anterior and posterior sections in the paracoronal plane along the midline of the sMCL. The distance from the medial edge of the tibial plateau and the joint line to the proximal margin, center, and distal margin of the sMCL-dTA and the length of the sMCL-dTA were measured in the anterior section, respectively. The sMCL-dTA was histologically observed in the posterior section with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The distance from the medial edge of the tibial plateauto the proximal margin, center, and distal margin of the sMCL-dTA were 38.1 ± 4.2, 49.7 ± 4.4, and 61.5 ± 5.1 mm, respectively. The perpendicular distance from the joint line to the proximal margin, center, and distal margin of the sMCL-dTA were 36.1 ± 4.0, 47.4 ± 4.2, and 59.1 ± 4.8 mm, respectively. The length of the sMCL-dTA was 23.6 ± 3.2 mm. Histologically, the sMCL-dTA was formed by two layers of collagen fibers: the unidirectional fibrous layer and the multidirectional fibrous layer. The respective thicknesses of the two layers both decreased distally. The anatomical location, the length, and the attachment morphology of sMCL-dTA have been clarified using human cadaveric knees. Anatomical data in the present study contribute to the quality of surgery associated with sMCL-dTA.

8.
World Neurosurg ; 186: e721-e726, 2024 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38616028

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Neuronavigation systems coupled with previously reported external anatomical landmarks assist neurosurgeons during intracranial procedures. We aimed to verify whether the posterior auricularis muscle (PAM) could be used as an external landmark for identifying the sigmoid sinus (SS) and the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction (TSSJ) during posterior cranial fossa surgery. METHODS: The PAM was dissected in 10 adult cadaveric heads and after drilling the underlying bone, the relationships with the underlying SS and TSSJ were noted. The width and length of the PAM, and the distance between the muscle and reference points (asterion, mastoid tip, and midline), were measured. RESULTS: The PAM was identified in 18 sides (9 left, 9 right). The first 20 mm of the muscle length (mean 28.28 mm) consistently overlay the mastoid process anteriorly and the proximal half of the SS slightly posteriorly on all sides. The superior border was a mean of 2.22 mm inferior to the TSSJ and, especially when the muscle length exceeded 20 mm, this border extended closer to the transverse sinus; it was usually found at a mean of 3.11 mm (range 0.0-13.80 mm) inferior to the distal third of the transverse sinus. CONCLUSIONS: Superficial landmarks give surgeons improved surgical access, avoiding overexposure of deep neurovascular structures and reducing brain retraction. On the basis of our cadaveric study, the PAM is a reliable and accurate direct landmark for identifying the SS and TSSJ. The PAM could potentially be used for guiding the retrosigmoid approach.


Assuntos
Pontos de Referência Anatômicos , Cadáver , Cavidades Cranianas , Humanos , Cavidades Cranianas/anatomia & histologia , Cavidades Cranianas/cirurgia , Pontos de Referência Anatômicos/anatomia & histologia , Fossa Craniana Posterior/anatomia & histologia , Fossa Craniana Posterior/cirurgia , Neuronavegação/métodos , Masculino , Feminino , Processo Mastoide/anatomia & histologia , Processo Mastoide/cirurgia , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/métodos , Idoso
9.
10.
Clin Anat ; 2024 Apr 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38630874

RESUMO

During the 14th century CE, a pivotal shift took place in the world of medicine as its epicenter transitioned from the Middle East to Europe. The emergence of the European Renaissance sparked skepticism regarding the significance of Avicenna's contributions to the advancement of medicine. This paper explores how the rise of secularization and the Renaissance in Europe marked significant cultural transformations, fostering the spread of literacy. These societal shifts influenced the trajectory of medical thought, and Avicenna's "Canon of Medicine" received both praise and condemnation amidst the evolving intellectual landscape. In this context, Lorenz Fries composed his "Defense of Avicenna," a testament to his profound admiration for Avicenna's legacy. This paper presents an English translation of Fries' 1530 work, and introduces Fries and Avicenna's "Canon," contextualizing Fries' defense within the broader rejection of Arab-language medical texts in the 16th century. It also explores Avicenna's influence on European medicine and anatomy during the Renaissance and highlights the enduring relevance of his contributions to the annals of science. Fries' defense underscores Avicenna's methodological acumen and emphasizes the importance of a robust theoretical foundation in medical practice. Avicenna's integration of Aristotelianism with Platonism highlighted the necessity of a rigorous method informed by theory in medical analysis. Fries' defense remains relevant today, particularly in advocating for systematic medical analysis against subjective approaches. Avicenna's medical philosophy seems nested within a larger, hopeful attempt to resolve the tensions between science or naturalism and religion or spiritualism. The rejection of Avicenna reflects broader conflicts between Aristotelian and Neoplatonic traditions, suggesting a complex interplay of secularization and theological influences in shaping medical thought during the Renaissance.

11.
Cureus ; 16(3): e56100, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38618436

RESUMO

The infraspinatus muscle (IS) makes a minor contribution to lateral rotation of the arm but mainly serves to stabilize the glenohumeral (GH) joint as part of the rotator cuff. Although reports of variations in the rotator cuff muscles have been documented previously, specific discussions of IS variants are lacking. In this report, we present a novel case of an accessory muscle in the infraspinous fossa and its relationship to the IS, which was normally located. We describe the observed physical features of the muscles and their innervation patterns.

12.
Clin Anat ; 2024 Apr 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38646730

RESUMO

Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery is increasingly prevalent, with its scope expanding from pathogens in the midline region to those in the paramedian region. Maximizing anterior sphenoidectomy is important for the median approach, and lateralizing the pterygopalatine fossa is crucial for the paramedian approach. Maximizing the surgical corridor in the nasal cavity and minimizing damage to neurovascular structures are vital for establishing a surgical field with minimal bleeding, ensuring safe, precise, and gentle procedures. However, the relationship between the maxillofacial and skull base bones in endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery is difficult to understand because these bones are intricately articulated, making it challenging to visualize each bone's outline. Understanding important bones and their related neurovascular structures is essential for all skull base surgeons to maximize the surgical corridor and minimize iatrogenic injury to neurovascular structures. This study aimed to elucidate the role of the palatine bone from a microsurgical anatomical perspective. Three dry skulls were used to demonstrate the structure of the palatine bone and its relationship with surrounding bones. A formalin-perfused cadaveric head was dissected to show the related neurovascular structures. The arteries and veins of the cadaveric heads were injected with red- and blue-colored silicon. Dissection was performed using a surgical microscope and endoscope. In addition, the utilization of the palatine bone as a landmark to identify neurovascular structures, which aids in creating a wider surgical field with less bleeding, was shown in two representative cases. The palatine bone consists of unique complex structures, including the sphenoidal process, ethmoidal crest, pterygopalatine canal, and sphenopalatine notch, which are closely related to the sphenopalatine artery, maxillary nerve, and its branches. The ethmoidal crest of the palatine bone is a well-known structure that is useful for identifying the sphenopalatine foramen, controlling the sphenopalatine artery and nerve, and safely opening the pterygopalatine fossa. The sphenoidal process of the palatine bone is a valuable landmark for identifying the palatovaginal artery, which is a landmark used to safely and efficiently expose the vidian canal. The sphenoidal process is easily cracked with an osteotome and removed to expose the palatovaginal artery, which runs along the pharyngeal groove, just medial to the vidian canal. By opening the pterygopalatine canal (also known as the greater palatine canal), further lateralization of the periosteum-covered pterygopalatine fossa contents can be achieved. Overall, the sphenoidal process and ethmoidal crest can be used as important landmarks to maximize the surgical corridor and minimize unnecessary injury to neurovascular structures.

13.
J Anat ; 245(1): 197-198, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38444373

RESUMO

We read with great interest the article by Weninger et al. (2023) on the presence of the axillary arch (AA) (of Langer) found during anatomical dissections-"Axillary arch (of Langer): A large-scale dissection and simulation study based on unembalmed cadavers of body donors." The authors performed their study using 400 axillae from 200 unembalmed cadavers; they identified this variant muscle in 27 axillae of 18 cadavers. Weninger et al. (2023) described the muscular AA in 15 cases; AA was composed of connective tissue in six cases, and AA comprised muscular and connective tissue in six cadavers. Moreover, these authors indicated that after passive abduction and lateral rotation of the arm, 17 arches (63%) came into contact with the neurovascular axillary bundle, which is of clinical importance. In our opinion, this is the most precise and detailed AA muscle study in the literature, illustrated with excellent photographs and schemes. Such studies expand the existing data in the literature and are of real help to clinicians. However, we want to present our modest comments about the title of the article and would like to pose the question, "What is the axillary arch (of Langer)?" Weninger et al. (2023) stated that connective or muscular tissue crossing the axilla is termed the AA (of Langer). This structure splits from the latissimus dorsi muscle, crosses the axilla, and joins the anterior part of the upper limb. The first detailed description of this variation was published in 1846 by Karl Langer Ritter von Edenberg (Langer, 1846). Nowadays, a significant number of articles term all muscular and fibromuscular connections between the latissimus dorsi muscle and the anterior part of the upper limb as "Langers AA" (Markou et al., 2023; Sang et al., 2019; Scrimgeour et al., 2020; Taterra et al., 2019). What Langer described in his work "Zur anatomie des musculus latissimus dorsi" was a fibrous thickening of the medial edge of the axillary fascia between the borders of the pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi muscles, a structure he termed "Achselbogen." In a sequel of this article, Langer investigated muscular fibers inserting at or encircling the connective tissue "Achselbogen" (Langer, 1846). Therefore, in our opinion, in the study of Weninger et al. (2023), the term AA (of Langer) should only be used to describe the cases presenting solely with a connective tissue "arch" or these comprised of both, muscular and connective tissue. Weninger et al. (2023) noted that muscle fibers could not be excluded in these cases. Of course, to answer this question accurately, a histological study of these cases would be necessary.


Assuntos
Axila , Cadáver , Músculo Esquelético , Humanos , Axila/anatomia & histologia , Axila/anormalidades , Músculo Esquelético/anatomia & histologia , Músculo Esquelético/anormalidades , Dissecação
14.
Clin Anat ; 37(5): 555-562, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38469731

RESUMO

Histological observation under light microscopy has long been used in human cadaveric studies. However, it can distort the interpretations of findings if not used appropriately; there is no guide for its proper use. The aim of this article is to revisit and discuss the correct use of histology in human cadaveric studies, following discussions with experts in multiple fields of medicine, and to create the first guide for such usage. We reached a consensus with the experts, agreeing that when this principle (structure, quantification, interaction, position: SQIP) is applied to histological observations, the findings will be interpreted correctly. Appropriate use of this recommendation can make human cadaveric studies more accurate and informative. This is the first histology guide for human cadaveric studies.


Assuntos
Cadáver , Microscopia , Humanos , Microscopia/métodos
15.
Clin Anat ; 37(5): 546-554, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38475991

RESUMO

Cerebral vein and dural venous sinus thromboses (CVST) account for 0.5%-1% of all strokes. Some structural factors associated with a potentially higher risk for developing CVST have been described. However, angulation of the dural venous sinuses (DVS) has yet to be studied as a structural factor. The current study was performed because this variable could be related to alterations in venous flow, thus predisposing to a greater risk of CVST development. Additionally, such information could help shed light on venous sinus stenosis (VSS) at or near the transverse-sigmoid junction. The angulations formed in the different segments of the grooves of the transverse (TS), sigmoid (SS), and superior sagittal sinuses (SSS) were measured in 52 skulls (104 sides). The overall angulation of the TS groove was measured using two reference points. Other variables were examined, such as the communication pattern at the sinuses' confluence and the sinus grooves' lengths and widths. The patterns of communication between sides were compared statistically. The most typical communication pattern at the sinuses' confluence was a right-dominant TS groove (82.98%). The mean angulations of the entire left TS groove at two different points (A and B) were 46° and 43°. Those of the right TS groove were 44° and 45°. The median angulations of the left and right SSS-transverse sinus junction grooves were 127° and 124°. The mean angulations of the left and right TS-SSJsv grooves were 111° (range 82°-152°) and 103° (range 79°-130°). Differentiating normal and abnormal angulations of the DVSs of the posterior cranial fossa can help to explain why some patients are more susceptible to pathologies affecting the DVSs, such as CVST and VSS. Future application of these findings to patients with such pathologies is now necessary to extrapolate our results.


Assuntos
Fossa Craniana Posterior , Cavidades Cranianas , Humanos , Cavidades Cranianas/anatomia & histologia , Fossa Craniana Posterior/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Masculino , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto , Cadáver , Trombose dos Seios Intracranianos/diagnóstico por imagem , Veias Cerebrais/anatomia & histologia
16.
Clin Anat ; 37(5): 571-577, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38520312

RESUMO

The femoral epicondyle is an anatomical bony landmark essential for surgeons and anatomists, but there are discrepancies between the two fields when using this term. In current orthopedic surgery, it commonly denotes the small bony prominence of the femoral condyle. Given the derivation, "epicondyle" should be a region projecting laterally from the articular surface rather than a point. These discrepancies in usage are found not only between the fields but also in the literature. This article reviews the narrative definition of "epicondyle of the femur" in surgery and the evolution of the term in anatomy. The outcomes of the review suggest a relationship between the differing perceptions of the epicondyle and the evolution of the term. In reports of studies related to the epicondyle, it is strongly recommended that the definition of the word is clearly stated, with an understanding of its evolution.


Assuntos
Fêmur , Terminologia como Assunto , Humanos , Fêmur/anatomia & histologia , Pontos de Referência Anatômicos
17.
Surg Neurol Int ; 15: 59, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38468670

RESUMO

Background: The internal and external carotid arterial systems are generally separate regarding branching patterns. However, these two systems do form collateral circulations with their terminal parts. On rare occasions, branches that belong to one arterial system may arise from the other. Case Description: We present a rare variant of a middle meningeal artery, generally derived from the external carotid artery, arising from the internal carotid artery and entering the floor of the middle cranial fossa by traveling through a small unnamed foramen. This anatomy and embryology and other variants of the middle meningeal and petrous carotid systems are discussed. Conclusion: Embryologically, this variant anatomy signifies an atypical regression of the distal stapedial artery and its connection to the external carotid artery. Surgeons who operate on the skull base, vascular interventionalists, and radiologists should be aware of this potential anatomical variation of the skull base.

18.
Surg Radiol Anat ; 46(5): 697-716, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429407

RESUMO

Morphological and morphometric variants of the anterior communicating artery (AComA) have been described by multiple studies; however, a complete classification system of all possible morphological variants with their prevalence is lacking. The current systematic review with meta-analysis combines data from different databases, concerning the AComA morphological and morphometric variants (length and diameter). Emphasis was given to the related clinical implications to highlight the clinical value of their knowledge. The typical AComA morphology occurs with a pooled prevalence (PP) of 67.3%, while the PP of atypical AComA is 32.7%. The identified AComA morphological variants (artery's hypoplasia, absence, duplication, triplication, differed shape, fenestration, and the persistence of a median artery of the corpus callosum- MACC) were classified in order of frequency. The commonest presented variants were the AComA hypoplasia (8%) and the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) fusion (5.9%), and the rarest ones were the MACC persistence (2.3%), and the AComA triplication (0.7%). The knowledge of those variants is essential, especially for neurosurgeons operating in the area. Given the high prevalence of AComA aneurysms, an adequate and complete classification of those variants is of utmost importance.


Assuntos
Variação Anatômica , Artéria Cerebral Anterior , Humanos , Artéria Cerebral Anterior/anormalidades , Artéria Cerebral Anterior/anatomia & histologia , Aneurisma Intracraniano/classificação , Prevalência
19.
Surg Radiol Anat ; 46(4): 535-541, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38446213

RESUMO

PURPOSE: In the modern era of robotic renal procedures and diagnostics, an even more detailed anatomical understanding than hitherto is necessary. Valves of the renal veins (RVV) have been underemphasized and have been disputed by some authors, and few textbooks describe them. The current anatomical study was performed to address such shortcomings in the literature. METHODS: One hundred renal veins were studied in fifty adult formalin-fixed cadavers. Renal veins were removed from the abdomen after sectioning them flush with their entrance to the renal hilum. The inferior vena cava was then incised longitudinally and opened, and RVV were examined grossly and histologically. A classification scheme was developed and applied to our findings. RESULTS: Nineteen RVVs were observed in the fifty cadavers (38%). Four (8%) valves were found on right sides and fifteen (30%) on left sides. The valves were seen as cord/band-like, folds, and single and double leaflets. Histologically, they were all extensions of the tunica intima. CONCLUSION: On the basis of our study, RVV are not uncommon. They were more common on left sides, and on both sides, they were found within approximately one centimeter of the junction of the inferior vena cava and renal vein. Although the function of such valves cannot be inferred from this anatomical study, the structures of the Single leaflet valve (TS2) and Double leaflet valve (TS3) valves suggest they could prevent venous reflux from the IVC into the kidney.


Assuntos
Veias Renais , Veia Cava Inferior , Adulto , Humanos , Prevalência , Abdome , Cadáver
20.
Anat Cell Biol ; 2024 Mar 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38449077

RESUMO

Transverse basilar cleft (TBC) is an extremely rare variation of the clivus or the basilar part of the occipital bone. In this report, a unilateral transverse basilar fissure was found at the clivus in a head computed tomography of an 18-year-old female patient diagnosed with hemifacial microsomia (HFM). Image analysis of this patient showed shortening of the ramus of the right mandible along with medial displacement of the right temporomandibular joint and hypoplastic right maxilla. In addition, observation of the clivus showed a cleft between the basioticum and basioccipital bones at the level of the pharyngeal tubercle on the right side. This cleft was identified as TBC. Clival variations, TBC included, attributed to HFM have never been reported. This report draws attention to the complex relationship between abnormal development of clivus and HFM syndrome, and sheds light on a possible genetic and molecular association between these two conditions.

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