Partial-accelerated irradiation with stereotactic radiotherapy at a dose of 30 Gy in 5 fractions in early breast cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate feasibility of accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) using stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT) Thirty Gy delivered in 5 fractions for patients with early breast cancer. METHODS: Between January 1st, 2018, and December 31s, 2022, we conducted 117 treatments for patients with early-stage breast cancer. All patients underwent conservative surgery followed by APBI using stereotactic external beam radiotherapy. We analyzed local, regional, distant control, overall survival, toxicity, and cosmetic outcomes. RESULTS: The average age was 62 years. 21.3% ductal and 78.7% invasive carcinomas. Regarding the PTV volume, the median was 198.8 cc (38-794 cc). Treatments were completed in all cases. The median follow-up period was of 21 months (1-62 months). Regarding acute toxicity, no Grade 3-4 toxicities were recorded. One patient experienced Grade 2 neuropathic pain. One patient developed subacute fibrosis and two patients developed telangiectasia as subacute and chronic toxicity. Cosmetic results were "good" or "very good" in 96.3% of cases. None of the patients relapsed at any level (local, regional, or distant) and overall survival during follow.up was 100%. CONCLUSION: APBI with SBRT 30 Gy in 5 fractions in early-stage breast cancer is a feasible technique, very-well tolerated and has excellent oncologic and cosmetic outcome during our follow-up period.

Composición corporal y somatotipo de rugbistas chilenos y su relación con la posición de juego / Body composition and somatotype of chilean rugby players and their relationship with the game position

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características morfoestructurales, por posición de juego, en rugbistas de la región de Valparaíso, Chile. La estatura, peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y otros 25 parámetros antropométricos fueron obtenidos desde 121 rugbistas competitivos (24,2 ± 4,9 años), siguiendo los estándares de medición de la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Kinantropometría (ISAK). La composición corporal fue descrita en 5 componentes a través del método propuesto por Kerr, estos son masa muscular, adiposa, residual, ósea y piel. El uso del somatotipo descrito por Carter y Heath, permitió describir los componentes de endomorfía, mesomorfía y ectomorfía. Para comparar las características morfoestructurales de los rugbistas por posición de juego, estos fueron separados en forwards y backs. El peso corporal, la estatura sentado y de pie, el IMC y la sumatoria de 8 pliegues fueron mayores en los forwards que los backs (p<0,0001). En relación a las masas corporales, el tejido adiposo y muscular absoluto fueron mayores en los forwards que en los backs (P< 0,01), no así el relativo. El somatotipo evidenció mayor endomorfía y mesomorfía, y menor ectomorfía, en los forwards 4,8-6,9-0,7 (1,8-1,3-0,8) que los backs 3,7-6,1-1,2 (1,8-1,1-0,8) con P<0,01. En conclusión, la posición de juego en el rugby es determinante en la definición de características físicas básicas y morfológicas. El mayor peso corporal de los forwards respecto a los backs se encuentra influenciado por la presencia de más tejido muscular y adiposo. Esto último se relacionó con un mayor componente mesomórfico y endomórfico del somatotipo, y menor del ectomórfico, en los forwards. A pesar de estas diferencias ambos grupos se encuentran en una clasificación de endo-mesomorfo.

SUMMARY: The objective of the study was to describe the morpho-structural characteristics according to playing position, in rugby players from the region of Valparaíso, Chile. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and other 25 anthropometric parameters were obtained from 121 competitive rugby players (24.2 ± 4.9 years), following the recommendations of the International Society for the advancement of Kinanthropometry. The body composition was described in 5 components through the method proposed by Kerr, they are muscle, fat, residual, bone and skin. The somatotype described by Carter and Heath, allowed to describe the components of endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy. To compare the morphostructural characteristics of the rugby players by playing position, these were separated into forwards and backs. Body weight, sitting and standing height, BMI and S 8-fold were higher in the forwards than the backs (p <0.0001). In relation to body mass, adipose tissue and absolute muscle were higher in the forwards than in the backs (P <0.01), but not in the relative. The somatotype showed significant differences in the averages of the three components between forwards 4.8-6.9-0.7 (1.8-1.3-0.8) and backs 3.7-6.1-1, 2 (1.8-1.1-0.8) with P <0.01. In conclusion, the playing position in rugby is decisive in the definition of basic physical and morphological characteristics. A higher body weight of the forwards versus backs is influenced by a greater muscle and adipose tissues. Latter was related to a greater mesomorphic and endomorphic component of the somatotype, and lower ectomorphic in the forwards. Despite these differences, both groups are classified as endo-mesomorph.

Effect of exercise duration on pro-oxidants and pH in exhaled breath condensate in humans

Exercise promotes pulmonary oxidative imbalance. In this regard, some evidence has been obtained from the study of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) during urban races, in which the factors involved in the occurrence of this process are still not characterized. In this paper, under laboratory conditions, both the role of time of exercise on the generation of pro-oxidants (H2O2, NO2-) and pH have been assessed in EBC of 16 under-trained subjects who completed three tests of cycloergometric exercise at low intensity (30 % of VO2 max) with a duration of 10, 30, and 90 min. Samples were obtained as follows: immediately before and at 80 min post exertion in each test. In the 90-min test, an increase in H2O2, NO2- concentration in EBC at 80 min post exertion with no changes in the pH was observed. Total O2 consumption and total ventilation weakly correlated with the changes in H2O2 and NO2-. In conclusion, the concentration of pro-oxidants in the EBC depends on the duration of the exercise when it is performed at low intensity under laboratory conditions (AU)

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Effect of exercise duration on pro-oxidants and pH in exhaled breath condensate in humans.

Exercise promotes pulmonary oxidative imbalance. In this regard, some evidence has been obtained from the study of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) during urban races, in which the factors involved in the occurrence of this process are still not characterized. In this paper, under laboratory conditions, both the role of time of exercise on the generation of pro-oxidants (H2O2, NO2 (-)) and pH have been assessed in EBC of 16 under-trained subjects who completed three tests of cycloergometric exercise at low intensity (30 % of VO2 max) with a duration of 10, 30, and 90 min. Samples were obtained as follows: immediately before and at 80 min post exertion in each test. In the 90-min test, an increase in H2O2, NO2 (-) concentration in EBC at 80 min post exertion with no changes in the pH was observed. Total O2 consumption and total ventilation weakly correlated with the changes in H2O2 and NO2 (-). In conclusion, the concentration of pro-oxidants in the EBC depends on the duration of the exercise when it is performed at low intensity under laboratory conditions.

Update on the Mechanisms of Pulmonary Inflammation and Oxidative Imbalance Induced by Exercise.

The mechanisms involved in the generation of oxidative damage and lung inflammation induced by physical exercise are described. Changes in lung function induced by exercise involve cooling of the airways, fluid evaporation of the epithelial surface, increased contact with polluting substances, and activation of the local and systemic inflammatory response. The present work includes evidence obtained from the different types of exercise in terms of duration and intensity, the effect of both acute performance and chronic performance, and the influence of special conditions such as cold weather, high altitude, and polluted environments. Levels of prooxidants, antioxidants, oxidative damage to biomolecules, and cellularity, as well as levels of soluble mediators of the inflammatory response and its effects on tissues, are described in samples of lung origin. These samples include tissue homogenates, induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, biopsies, and exhaled breath condensate obtained in experimental protocols conducted on animal and human models. Finally, the need to simultaneously explore the oxidative/inflammatory parameters to establish the interrelation between them is highlighted.

Perfil antropométrico por posición de juego en handbolistas chilenos / Anthropometric profile in Chilean handball players according to playing position

El objetivo fundamental de la presente investigación fue determinar el perfil antropométrico y su relación con la capacidad de salto en jugadores de balonmano varones de la región de Valparaíso y de la Selección Chilena, esto en relación a su posición en el campo de juego. Se valoraron 74 jugadores de la categoría cadetes, cuyas edades fluctuaron entre los 14 y los 16 años, pertenecientes a los equipos: Club Italiano Villa Alemana, Club Italiano Quillota, Club Luterano, Club Viña del Mar, Club San José y Selección Chilena. Los resultados arrojaron que en cuanto a las variables antropométricas, la Selección Chilena y el Club Italiano Villa Alemana, son los que poseen los parámetros que más se asemejan a los requeridos a nivel competitivo dentro de esta categoría. Al hacer referencia a las variables antropométricas se estimó que, en todos los grupos estudiados, la masa adiposa se relacionó negativamente con la altura de salto alcanzada. Mientras que la masa muscular presentó una alta correlación con el rendimiento en salto en la mayoría de los equipos. Los índices de correlación evidenciaron que un menor porcentaje de masa grasa y mayor porcentaje de masa muscular favorecen la altura de salto alcanzada en todas las posiciones de juego. Queda de manifiesto que la relación masa adiposa y masa muscular es un indicador importante a la hora de determinar el rendimiento en la capacidad de salto en deportistas con características similares a las de este estudio.

The primary purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between the anthropometric profile and jump capacity of male handball players from the Fifth Region of Chile and the National Handball Team and their specific position in the playing field. In the evaluation 74 handball players participated from the following teams: Club Italiano Villa Alemana, Club Italiano Quillota, Club Luterano, Club Viña del Mar, Club San José and the National Handball Team. Participants were in the cadet category aged 14 ­ 16. The results showed that within anthropometric variables, players from the Chilean Handball Team and the Club Italiano Villa Alemana are the closest to fulfilling all the criteria required to reach high competitive levels in this category. In reference to anthropometric variables, fat mass proved to be negatively related to jump height reached in all groups tested, while muscle mass presented significant correlation with the jump capacity in most of the teams. Regarding the somatotype, results obtained agree with the theoretical referents. These establish that handball player's somatotype is more likely to be mesomorph. The correlation indexes demonstrate that a lower fat mass percentage and a higher muscle mass percentage enhance the jump capacity in all playing positions. It is clear now that fat mass and muscle mass are important indicators when determining the jump capacity performance in players with similar characteristics of the ones in this study. This research is important in setting comparative parameters in the selection process and sport specialization regarding anthropometric characteristics and jump capacity according to specific position of handball players in the cadet category.

Increase of pro-oxidants with no evidence of lipid peroxidation in exhaled breath condensate after a 10-km race in non-athletes

It is a well-established fact that exercise increases pro-oxidants and favors oxidative stress; however, this phenomenon has been poorly studied in human lungs. Pro-oxidative generation (H2O2, NO2 −), lipid peroxidation markers (MDA), and inflammation (pH) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) have been determined through data from 10 active subjects who ran 10 km; samples were obtained immediately before, at 20, and at 80 min post-exertion. In EBC, the concentration of H2O2at 80 min post-exertion was increased. NO2 − concentration showed a tendency to increase at 80 min post-exertion, with no variations in MDA and pH. No variations of NO2 − were found in plasma, while there was an increase of NO2 − at 80 min post-exertion in the relation between EBC and plasma. NO2 − in EBC did not correlate to plasmatic NO2 −, while it did correlate directly with H2O2 in EBC, suggesting a localized origin for the exercise-related NO2 − increase in EBC. MDA in plasma did not increase nor correlate with MDA in EBC. In conclusion, high-intensity exercise increases lung-originated pro-oxidants in non-athlete subjects with no evidence of early lipid peroxidation and changes in the pH value in EBC

Increase of pro-oxidants with no evidence of lipid peroxidation in exhaled breath condensate after a 10-km race in non-athletes.

It is a well-established fact that exercise increases pro-oxidants and favors oxidative stress; however, this phenomenon has been poorly studied in human lungs. Pro-oxidative generation (H(2)O(2), NO(2) (-)), lipid peroxidation markers (MDA), and inflammation (pH) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) have been determined through data from 10 active subjects who ran 10 km; samples were obtained immediately before, at 20, and at 80 min post-exertion. In EBC, the concentration of H(2)O(2) at 80 min post-exertion was increased. NO(2) (-) concentration showed a tendency to increase at 80 min post-exertion, with no variations in MDA and pH. No variations of NO(2) (-) were found in plasma, while there was an increase of NO(2) (-) at 80 min post-exertion in the relation between EBC and plasma. NO(2) (-) in EBC did not correlate to plasmatic NO(2) (-), while it did correlate directly with H(2)O(2) in EBC, suggesting a localized origin for the exercise-related NO(2) (-) increase in EBC. MDA in plasma did not increase nor correlate with MDA in EBC. In conclusion, high-intensity exercise increases lung-originated pro-oxidants in non-athlete subjects with no evidence of early lipid peroxidation and changes in the pH value in EBC.

Lung oxidative damage by hypoxia.

One of the most important functions of lungs is to maintain an adequate oxygenation in the organism. This organ can be affected by hypoxia facing both physiological and pathological situations. Exposure to this condition favors the increase of reactive oxygen species from mitochondria, as from NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase/reductase, and nitric oxide synthase enzymes, as well as establishing an inflammatory process. In lungs, hypoxia also modifies the levels of antioxidant substances causing pulmonary oxidative damage. Imbalance of redox state in lungs induced by hypoxia has been suggested as a participant in the changes observed in lung function in the hypoxic context, such as hypoxic vasoconstriction and pulmonary edema, in addition to vascular remodeling and chronic pulmonary hypertension. In this work, experimental evidence that shows the implied mechanisms in pulmonary redox state by hypoxia is reviewed. Herein, studies of cultures of different lung cells and complete isolated lung and tests conducted in vivo in the different forms of hypoxia, conducted in both animal models and humans, are described.