RESUMO
Monocytes circulate in the blood and migrate to inflammatory tissues, but their functions can be either detrimental or beneficial, depending on their phenotypes. In humans, classical monocytes are inflammatory cluster of differentiation (CD)14++CD16-CCR2++ cells originated from the bone marrow or spleen reservoirs and comprise ≥92% of monocytes. Intermediate monocytes (CD14++CD16+CCR2+) are involved in the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines [such as interleukin (IL)-10], reactive oxygen species (ROS), and proinflammatory mediators [such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1ß). Nonclassical monocytes (CD14+CD16++CCR2-) are patrolling cells involved in tissue repair and debris removal from the vasculature. Many studies in both humans and animals have shown the importance of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its receptor [chemokine receptor of MCP-1 (CCR2)] in pathologies, such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction (MI). This review presents the importance of these monocyte subsets in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and sheds light on new strategies for the blocking of the MCP-1/CCR2 axis as a therapeutic goal for treating vascular disorders.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Monócitos/metabolismo , Receptores CCR2/metabolismo , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/imunologia , Quimiocina CCL2/antagonistas & inibidores , Humanos , Ligantes , Monócitos/classificação , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Monócitos/imunologia , Fenótipo , Receptores CCR2/antagonistas & inibidores , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The paper summarizes the difficulties to study the rare population of endothelial progenitor cells in clinical trials, based on the experience of our group in many publications in this area.
