RESUMO
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The Relative Fat Mass (RFM) is an alternative index to body mass index (BMI) for estimating whole body fat percentage (BF%). Our aims were to determine the accuracy of the RFM for 1) identifying individuals with elevated BF% and, 2) estimating the BF% compared to Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a Chilean adult population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Body composition was assessed by DXA in 270 healthy participants (125 women/145 men). Anthropometric measurements were assessed to calculate RFM and BMI. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained to assess the sensitivity and specificity of both, RFM and BMI. Bland-Altman analysis between BF% measured by DXA vs. predicted BF% derived from RFM was performed to assess validity. Pearson´s correlation coefficients to analyze the association between BMI, RFM and DXA were also calculated. RESULTS: For RFM, the cut-off for elevated BF% was ≥22.7% for men and ≥32.4% for women and for BMI was ≥24.4 kg/m2 for men and ≥24.1 kg/m2 for women. The area under the ROC curve between RFM and BMI was not significantly different in men (0.970 vs. 0.959; p = 0.420) and women (0.946 vs. 0.942, p = 0.750). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the estimation bias is more pronounced in men than in women. CONCLUSION: RFM is an accurate tool for identifying individuals with elevated BF%, although it was not as accurate as DXA for estimating the BF%. RFM may be an alternative method useful in primary care to select individuals for lifestyle counseling and in research to select patients for epidemiological studies.
RESUMO
RESUMEN La educación alimentaria nutricional es la combinación de estrategias educativas, acompañadas de apoyos ambientales, diseñadas para facilitar la adopción voluntaria de elecciones alimentarias que conducen a un estado óptimo de salud y bienestar. La educación alimentaria nutricional tiene tres componentes: 1) motivación, 2) acción y 3) ambiente. Para elegir la técnica de educación adecuada para cada persona, se deben considerar las características psicoemocionales individuales, especialmente las motivaciones para el cambio y el tipo de personalidad, ya que ambos han mostrado ser buenos predictores de la conducta alimentaria. Dentro de los recursos educativos posibles de utilizar para realizar la educación en alimentación nutricional se encuentran indicaciones verbales, material escrito, uso de internet, dispositivos portátiles, aplicaciones de teléfonos inteligentes, e incluso la clase de cocina. La evidencia demuestra que la educación alimentaria nutricional impacta favorablemente la adherencia a las intervenciones nutricionales, lo cual a la vez se ve reflejado en efectos positivos en la salud.
ABSTRACT Food and nutrition education is the combination of educational strategies, accompanied by environmental supports designed to facilitate voluntary adoption of food choices conducive of health and well-being. It has a motivational phase, an action phase, and an environmental component. To choose the right educational technique for each patient, their individual psychoemotional characteristics must be considered; especially what their motivations for change are, as well as their personality type, because both are good predictors of food behavior. Among the resources that can be used to perform nutrition education are verbal indications, written material, the internet, mobile devices, smartphone applications, and even the kitchen as a place for education. Evidence shows that nutrition education has a favorable impact on diet adherence in different conditions that have an important nutritional component, such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and obesity, which at the same time produces positive health outcomes.
RESUMO
RESUMEN El profesionalismo es un pilar fundamental en la formación y ejercicio profesional de un nutricionista que implícitamente se ha incluido y desarrollado en los estándares de práctica. Recientemente se ha intentado establecer una terminología común para su definición, esta se basa en cuatro aspectos centrales: a) atributos personales como empatía, autoconciencia e inteligencia emocional, b) comunicación interpersonal, tanto con pares, otros profesionales de la salud y usuarios, c) actuar centrado en la práctica, que considera el entorno laboral en cuanto a las leyes y normativas que rigen el actuar profesional y 4) compromiso con el aprendizaje permanente, como el proceso de reflexión y autoevaluación del propio trabajo. Para garantizar un actuar profesional, la enseñanza del profesionalismo debe ser considerada de manera formal en el plan curricular, implementando distintas técnicas educativas y evaluaciones correspondientes que permitan la adquisición de conocimientos y habilidades necesarias. En el proceso formativo cobra especial relevancia el contexto y ambiente en el que se desempeñan los estudiantes para un óptimo uso de recursos.
ABSTRACT Professionalism is a fundamental aspect in the training and professional practice of a dietitian that has been implicitly included and developed in standards of practice. However, recently, an attempt to establish a common terminology for its definition has been made. The concept of professionalism is based on four central aspects: a) personal attributes such as empathy, self-awareness and emotional intelligence, b) interpersonal communication, both with peers, other health professionals and users, c) approach to practice, which considers the laws and regulations that govern professional actions, and 4) commitment to lifelong learning, such as the process of reflection and self-evaluation. To guarantee professionalism in dietitians, the teaching of professionalism must be considered formally in the plan of study, implementing different educational techniques and corresponding evaluations that guarantee the acquisition of necessary knowledge and skills. In the training process, the context and environment in which students work is especially relevant for an optimal use of resources.
RESUMO
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a wide spectrum of hepatic pathologies ranging from simple steatosis (SS) to hepatocellular carcinoma. Intestinal microbiota (IM) is composed of trillions of microorganisms existing in the gut. It has 150 times more genes than the host. Changes in the composition and function of the IM are associated with different diseases, including NAFLD. In this condition, IM could have a pathogenic role through different mechanisms such as energy salvaging from food, an inflammatory stimulus, a modulation of the innate immune system, regulation of bile acid turnover, alteration of choline metabolism and increasing endogenous ethanol levels. This review is an update on the role of the intestinal microbiota in NAFLD and the possible mechanisms involved.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Ácidos e Sais Biliares , HumanosRESUMO
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a wide spectrum of hepatic pathologies ranging from simple steatosis (SS) to hepatocellular carcinoma. Intestinal microbiota (IM) is composed of trillions of microorganisms existing in the gut. It has 150 times more genes than the host. Changes in the composition and function of the IM are associated with different diseases, including NAFLD. In this condition, IM could have a pathogenic role through different mechanisms such as energy salvaging from food, an inflammatory stimulus, a modulation of the innate immune system, regulation of bile acid turnover, alteration of choline metabolism and increasing endogenous ethanol levels. This review is an update on the role of the intestinal microbiota in NAFLD and the possible mechanisms involved.
Assuntos
Humanos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Ácidos e Sais BiliaresRESUMO
RESUMEN La enfermedad de Crohn y Colitis Ulcerosa corresponden a Enfermedades Inflamatorias Intestinales (EII). En la actualidad aún no se ha establecido la cura de estas enfermedades; sin embargo, se han desarrollado diversas terapias dirigidas a disminuir la inflamación de la mucosa (5 aminosalicílicos) y a disminuir la respuesta del sistema inmune (ejemplo: inmunomoduladores y tratamientos biológicos). Otro pilar de manejo de los pacientes con EII es la nutrición, esta es fundamental en el tratamiento por su capacidad de disminuir síntomas gastrointestinales. La alimentación tiene un impacto en la microbiota intestinal (MI), al asociarse la dieta occidental a un cambio en la biodiversidad de la microbiota. En este sentido, la MI podría tener un rol en la patogenia de la enfermedad, al existir una disminución de la biodiversidad y un aumento de bacterias que podrían favorecer la inflamación y generar una disminución en la producción de ácidos grasos de cadena corta. En EII, los hábitos alimentarios tienden a ser restrictivos y el estado nutricional se caracteriza por desnutrición, pérdida de masa muscular, sarcopenia, déficit de vitamina D y hierro. Por ello en periodos de remisión no se debe restringir la alimentación. En periodos de crisis, las dietas de exclusión de alimentos disminuyen los síntomas y, nutrientes específicos como las antocianinas y ácidos grasos w-3 podrían tener un efecto en la inflamación.
ABSTRACT Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis correspond to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). At present, its cure is not known, however nutrition is a fundamental pillar in treatment due to its ability to reduce gastrointestinal symptoms. Food has an impact on intestinal microbiota (IM), as the Western Diet is associated with a change in microbiota biodiversity. In this sense, IM could have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease, since there is a decrease in biodiversity and an increase in bacteria that could favor inflammation and generate a decrease in the production of short-chain fatty acids. In IBD, eating habits tend to be restrictive and nutritional status is characterized by malnutrition, loss of muscle mass, sarcopenia, and vitamin D and iron deficiency. Therefore, during periods of remission, feeding should not be restricted. In periods of crisis, exclusion diets decrease specific symptoms and nutrients such as anthocyanins and w-3 fatty acids could have an effect on inflammation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Microbiota , Alimentos, Dieta e Nutrição , Colite Ulcerativa , Doença de Crohn , Dietoterapia , AntocianinasRESUMO
RESUMEN El trabajo del nutricionista clínico implica realizar una evaluación y diagnóstico nutricional basados en el pensamiento crítico y razonamiento clínico, para una atención nutricional adecuada, y tomar una decisión de intervención basada en la evidencia científica disponible. Luego, se debe monitorizar los resultados de la intervención, para generar un impacto a corto y largo plazo en las patologías que requieren tratamiento nutricional. Para lograr esto, es necesario implementar en los programas curriculares del pregrado un proceso estructurado de enseñanza que siga una secuencia lógica dependiente del nivel de formación, para adquirir habilidades del trabajo clínico en nutrición. El siguiente ensayo tiene por objetivo realizar un análisis de la literatura con respecto a la adquisición de habilidades del pensamiento crítico y razonamiento clínico, junto con conocer los modelos de atención nutricional para generar una propuesta de atención nutricional para aplicar en la práctica clínica.
ABSTRACT The activities of a clinical dietitian involve nutritional assessment and diagnosis based on critical thinking and clinical reasoning. The objective is to offer proper nutritional care and deciding on interventions based on available scientific evidence. The results of the intervention should be monitored to generate short- and long-term impact on the pathologies that require nutritional treatment. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to implement a structured teaching process in the undergraduate program that follows a logical sequence depending on the level of training. The following essay aims to conduct an analysis of the literature regarding the acquisition of critical thinking skills and clinical reasoning, together with knowing the models of nutritional care to generate a nutritional care proposal for application in clinical practice.
