The moderating role of paternalistic leadership in the relationship between job satisfaction and job stress among health workers in Gaziantep, Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Adopting an effective leadership style is of critical importance in increasing healthcare efficiency and therefore determining patient satisfaction. For example, although there are many new and effective leadership types today, the paternalistic leadership approach can still play an effective role in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the moderating role of paternalistic leadership in the relationship between job satisfaction and job stress. METHODS: A total of 466 healthcare workers completed measures of perceived paternalistic leadership, job stress, and job satisfaction. The research was conducted in the center of Gaziantep, one of the largest cities in Turkey. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the moderate variable. Dawson slope were used to visualize the results. RESULTS: A negative relationship was found between job satisfaction and job stress. Additionally, it has been determined that the perception of paternalistic leadership has a moderating role. It has been observed that as the perception of paternalistic leadership increases, the negative relationship between job satisfaction and job stress decreases. CONCLUSION: It has been concluded that the paternalistic leadership approach can play a critical role in increasing the productivity of healthcare workers and reducing the negative effect of stress on satisfaction. It has been suggested that policies be developed to develop appropriate strategies for creating work environments that will increase employees' perceptions of paternalistic leadership.

The nonlinear links between urbanization and CO2 in 15 emerging countries: Evidence from unconditional quantile and threshold regression.

The extant literature has provided empirical evidence about the relationship between urbanization and the environment; however, little attention has been paid to the non-linear relationship among them. This study aims to measure the effects of urbanization on carbon dioxide emission using quantile and threshold regression methods. To this end, the study employed threshold analysis and quantile regression methods in a sample of 15 emerging economies from 1995 to 2015 and analyzed the variation of such non-linearity at different levels of carbon dioxide. The results illustrate that a single threshold and two regimes exist and the threshold for urbanization is 29.56%. Among the two regimes, the elasticity estimates form an inverted U-shape impact of urbanization on carbon dioxide emission. The increase in the marginal effect of urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions up to the median level and a declining trend after this level implies that environmental quality is likely to improve in the emerging countries.