Complications after ERCP in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: There are conflicting data regarding the role of ERCP in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and the risk of procedure-related complications. OBJECTIVE: We compared the complication rate after ERCP in a consecutive series of patients with PSC compared with control patients with biliary strictures who did not have PSC. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: A tertiary referral academic hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Incidence of complications after ERCP. PATIENTS AND RESULTS: A total of 85 ERCPs among 30 patients with PSC and 70 ERCPs among 45 control patients were reviewed. There was no significant difference in the overall complication rates between patients with and without PSC (11/85 [12.9%] vs 6/70 [8.6%], P = .45). Complications in PSC were more likely to occur after ERCP done to evaluate an acute sign or symptom than in elective cases (7/24 [29.2%] vs 4/61 [6.6%], P = .01). Patients with PSC who had complications had more total and acute ERCPs than did those without complications. There was no significant difference in the rate of complications in diagnostic versus therapeutic ERCPs nor between stent placement and dilation-only therapeutic ERCPs in the PSC population. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective study design and limited power related to the small sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS: Elective ERCP is safe and carries a modest risk in patients with PSC; however, ERCP for acute indications greatly increases the probability of postprocedure complications. The overall complication rate after therapeutic ERCP in patients with PSC is similar to that in patients without PSC.

Liver transplantation for metabolic liver diseases.

Liver transplantation has become an accepted treatment for several metabolic liver diseases. With advances in organ transplantation and immunosuppressive strategies, survival rates following liver transplantation are generally excellent. When the primary metabolic defect is hepatic in origin, liver transplantation not only replaces the dysfunctional organ but also cures the underlying metabolic defect. For conditions in which the primary metabolic defect is extrahepatic, liver transplantation is usually performed for hepatic complications, although disease recurrence may occur. This article reviews common metabolic liver diseases treated with liver transplantation in the adult population.

Effect of iron depletion on serum markers of fibrogenesis, oxidative stress and serum liver enzymes in chronic hepatitis C: results of a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic iron deposition has been associated with decreased response to interferon-alpha monotherapy, and has been speculated to contribute to disease progression in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). We performed this study to evaluate the effect of iron depletion on biochemical and virologic markers, and markers of lipid peroxidation and fibrogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients with CHC who did not have a virologic response to interferon monotherapy underwent weekly phlebotomies until iron depletion (serum ferritin <50 ng/ml). Serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), hepatitis C virus-RNA, transferrin saturation, ferritin, 8-isoprostane, hyaluronic acid, amino-terminal procollagen III peptide and YKL-40 were measured before and after iron depletion. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant reduction of serum ALT, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin after iron depletion (range 4-11 phlebotomies). Serum ALT returned to normal after iron depletion in four (22%) patients. There was a significant reduction in serum procollagen III peptide level among patients who achieved biochemical response. No significant reduction was noted in serum levels of other markers. CONCLUSIONS: Iron depletion was associated with a biochemical response in 22% of patients who did not respond to interferon monotherapy. There was a significant reduction in a key marker of fibrogenesis among patients with biochemical response. These data support longer-term studies of iron depletion in CHC.

Incidence of minor complications and time lost from normal activities after screening or surveillance colonoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Few studies address the development of minor complications after screening or surveillance colonoscopy. OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to examine in previously asymptomatic people the incidence of new symptoms after colonoscopy, risk factors for symptoms, and patients' perceptions of this examination. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. Patients completed a standardized interview at 7 and 30 days after colonoscopy. PATIENTS: A total of 502 patients aged 40 years and older undergoing colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening, surveillance, or follow-up of another abnormal screening test result. Patients were excluded if they had a history of inflammatory bowel disease, visible GI bleeding, or anemia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of minor complications and patient perceptions about colonoscopy. RESULTS: Minor complications occurred in 162 subjects (34%) before day 7 and in 29 subjects (6%) between day 7 and day 30, most commonly bloating (25%) and abdominal pain (11%). Six subjects had unexpected emergency department visits or hospitalizations within 30 days, including 2 with postpolypectomy bleeding. On multivariate analysis, minor complications were more common in women (odds ratio 1.78, 95% CI 1.21-2.62) and when the procedure lasted 20 minutes or longer. Bowel preparation was rated the most difficult part of the examination for 77%. Most subjects (94%) lost 2 or fewer days from normal activities for the colonoscopy itself, preparation, or recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Minor complications were common after screening and surveillance colonoscopy. The bowel preparation was the most difficult part of the examination for most patients. Most subjects lost 2 or fewer days from normal activities because of colonoscopy.

Endotheliitis in chronic viral hepatitis: a comparison with acute cellular rejection and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Endotheliitis is an important histologic feature of acute cellular rejection (ACR) in the liver allograft. This change is not specific, however, and has been suggested to be associated with various liver diseases. End-stage liver disease owing to chronic hepatitis C is the leading indication for transplantation in North America, and its recurrence in allograft recipients is common. Because the presence of endotheliitis remains a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma in transplant pathology, we investigated the prevalence and severity of endotheliitis in chronic liver diseases including hepatitis C. Endotheliitis was evaluated in 128 nontransplant liver biopsies of chronic liver diseases before therapy, including hepatitis C (HCV, n=62), hepatitis B (HBV, n=17), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, n=49). Eighty posttransplant biopsies with ACR were also reviewed. Subendothelial and supraendothelial endotheliitis were separately scored in the portal and central regions using a semiquantitative scoring system from 0 to 4. Pathologists were blinded to the clinical histories, and each biopsy was independently scored by 2 pathologists. Histologic activity index was also scored subsequently for cases of chronic HCV and HBV, using the modified Knodell (Ishak) score. Mean endotheliitis scores>1 were seen in 60%, 35%, and 6% of HCV, HBV, and NASH patients, respectively. The scores for portal subendotheliitis and supraendotheliitis were significantly higher in the viral hepatitis group than in the NASH group (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the scores of endotheliitis comparing HCV to HBV. ACR group showed significantly higher scores in both portal and central subendotheliitis than any other group (P<0.00005). In the HBV and HCV groups with mean scores of portal subendotheliitis>1 (n=44), mean Ishak scores for portal inflammation and periportal injury were 2.43 and 2.34, respectively; whereas in those with less severe portal subendotheliitis (

Hepatitis B and liver transplantation.

Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with liver failure secondary to chronic hepatitis B. However, liver transplantation is complicated by the risk of recurrent hepatitis B virus infection, which significantly impairs graft and patient survival. The main risk factor for the development of recurrent hepatitis B virus infection is the virus load at the time of transplantation. The development of antiviral medications, such as lamivudine and adefovir, and the implementation of effective prophylactic regimens using hepatitis B immune globulin have significantly improved the outcomes of hepatitis B after liver transplantation. However, current approaches continue to be hampered by the extremely high cost of treatment and the emergence of drug-resistant viral mutations. Ongoing studies are necessary to establish the most cost-effective approaches to prevent recurrent hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation.

Human liver cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype, full-length messenger ribonucleic acid, and activity assessed with a novel cytochrome P450 2D6 substrate.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to develop and validate a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 probe substrate with improved sensitivity to elucidate the relationship of CYP2D6 ribonucleic acid transcript levels, genotype, and enzyme activity in human liver biopsy samples. METHODS: CYP2D6 activity in tissue homogenates of liver biopsy specimens collected from control subjects (with no apparent liver disease), liver biopsy subjects, liver transplant subjects, and liver bank specimens was assessed with a calcimimetic, R-568, a high-clearance and specific substrate of CYP2D6. The livers were genotyped for the 6 most common CYP2D6 genetic variants (ie, *3, *4, *5, *6, *7, and *8). The 1.5-kilobase CYP2D6 messenger ribonucleic acid (referred to as full-length) transcripts were estimated with a semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS: As a CYP2D6-specific catalytic probe, R-568 offers a 20-fold higher sensitivity compared with that of dextromethorphan. The improved assay sensitivity allowed evaluation of CYP2D6 enzyme activity in a few milligrams of tissue collected from biopsy specimens. The ratio of CYP2D6 enzyme activity to transcript remained relatively constant within each group of subjects, especially within the control group. However, mean activity to transcript varied greatly across the 4 groups of subjects. The liver samples in the control group showed significantly higher enzyme activity but a lower transcript level. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of genotyping and messenger ribonucleic acid level determination could allow a quantitative estimation of functional CYP2D6 activity in healthy human livers with a reasonable degree of confidence. Kinetic study with R-568 indicates that this compound is probably the most sensitive CYP2D6 probe substrate available.

Serum ferritin level predicts advanced hepatic fibrosis among U.S. patients with phenotypic hemochromatosis.

BACKGROUND: DNA-based HFE gene testing can confirm hereditary hemochromatosis in most people of Northern European descent. However, liver biopsy is important to detect cirrhosis. OBJECTIVE: To develop noninvasive criteria to predict the presence or absence of advanced hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis in Americans with hemochromatosis. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Six tertiary care referral clinics. PATIENTS: 182 patients with phenotypically defined hemochromatosis. MEASUREMENTS: Liver histopathology and serum ferritin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors associated with cirrhosis (defined as bridging fibrosis or unequivocal cirrhosis on biopsy). RESULTS: Cirrhosis was present in 40 of 182 (22%) patients in the overall group and in 35 of 147 (24%) of C282Y homozygotes. Only 1 of 93 patients with a serum ferritin level less than 1000 microg/L had cirrhosis compared with 39 of 89 patients with serum ferritin levels greater than 1000 microg/L (P < 0.001). No C282Y homozygotes or C282Y/H63D compound heterozygotes with serum ferritin levels less than 1000 microg/L had cirrhosis. Elevated serum aminotransferase levels (P = 0.001) and serum ferritin levels greater than 1000 microg/L (P = 0.001), but not age older than 40 years (P = 0.2), were independently associated with cirrhosis. In a multivariate model, the probability of cirrhosis was 7.4% among patients with serum ferritin levels less than 1000 microg/L compared with 72% among patients with serum ferritin levels greater than 1000 microg/L after adjustment for age and elevated serum liver enzyme levels. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with hemochromatosis and serum ferritin levels less than 1000 microg/L are unlikely to have cirrhosis. Liver biopsy to screen for cirrhosis may be unnecessary in such patients, regardless of age or serum liver enzyme levels.

Hepatitis C, iron status, and disease severity: relationship with HFE mutations.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mild to moderate hepatic iron loading is common in patients with chronic hepatitis C. We sought to determine whether mutations in the hemochromatosis gene, HFE, are associated with iron overload and acceleration of disease progression in hepatitis C patients. METHODS: A total of 316 patients with chronic hepatitis C were studied: 198 consecutive patients undergoing liver biopsy for compensated liver disease and 118 who underwent liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease. Serum iron studies, quantitative hepatic iron concentration, histologic activity index, and HFE genotype were determined. RESULTS: Among patients with compensated liver disease, the presence of HFE mutations was independently associated with elevations in serum iron level, serum transferrin-iron saturation, serum ferritin level, and hepatic iron index (P < 0.05). After adjustment for duration of infection with hepatitis C virus, HFE mutations were also independently associated with the presence of bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis (odds ratio, 18; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-193). HFE mutations were not independently associated with iron loading in patients with end-stage liver disease. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of HFE mutations between patients with compensated and end-stage liver disease (42% vs. 33%, respectively; P = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of HFE mutations is independently associated with iron loading and advanced fibrosis in patients with compensated liver disease from chronic hepatitis C, especially after controlling for duration of disease. These results suggest that HFE mutations accelerate hepatic fibrosis in hepatitis C but may not be responsible for progression to end-stage liver disease.

Iron in hepatitis C: villain or innocent bystander?

Elevations in serum transferrin-iron saturation and ferritin are common in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection, especially if they have concomitant elevations in serum aminotransferases. However, serum markers of iron stores do not accurately reflect hepatic iron content, or predict clinically important endpoints such as response to interferon and disease progression. In contrast, hepatic iron concentration, which is usually normal or only mildly elevated in chronic hepatitis C infection in the absence of cirrhosis, is one of the strongest predictors of response to interferon monotherapy. Iron depletion by phlebotomy consistently reduces serum aminotransferases and in combination with interferon may have improved antiviral efficacy compared to interferon alone. Unfortunately, no data are available on the role, if any, of iron depletion therapy, as an adjunct to interferon and ribavirin combination treatment. Future studies should focus on the efficacy of combining iron depletion with pegylated interferon and ribavirin and on the effect of long-term iron depletion on histologic progression of chronic hepatitis C infection.