Organocatalytic route for the synthesis of propionylated starch.

In recent years acetylated, propionylated and butyrylated starches have received special attention due to their capacity to deliver specific short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to the colon in a sustained and predictable manner, and thus contribute to maintaining the normal physiologic function of the large bowel and preventing specific diseases. In the current contribution a non-conventional organocatalytic solventless route for the eco-friendly propionylation of corn starch is proposed. The catalyst used in the acylation is a naturally occurring α-hydroxy acid (l-tartaric acid). Propionylated starches with degree of substitution (DS) in the 0.05-1.59 interval were obtained and characterized in terms of chemical structure, morphology, crystallinity, thermal stability and hydrophilicity. Results showed that by the proposed methodology propionylated starch with the DS required for clinical use (i.e. 0.2-0.3) could be obtained within 2-3h of reaction. Characterization results evidenced the progressive loss of crystallinity of starch granules as higher substitution levels were conferred.

Early development of stereotyped and self-injurious behaviors: I. Incidence.

From five programs with 457 eligible children, 39 children younger than 40 months who had developmental disabilities were studied. Video sampling, observation notes, parent reports, staff reports, and clinical records were the data sources. Twenty-one children, or 4.6% of the total number in the program, exhibited SIBs. Virtually all children in the sample who were motorically capable of it showed body-rocking in at least one position. The SIBs were directed mainly toward the head, and body-rocking occurred mainly in four-point and seated position.