The Influence of Genetics and Gene Polymorphism on Biological Complications for Dental Implant Survival: A Review.

The objective of this review is to expose the main genetic changes and genetic polymorphisms that may or may not be associated with greater susceptibility to reduced survival of dental implants and, consequently, to their loss. Case-control studies that fully portrayed the specific types of genetic polymorphisms that may be associated with dental implant failure were included by searching in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from 2010 to 2023. The following descriptors and their combinations in English were used to search for articles: "dental implants," "bone genes," "genetics," "polymorphism genetics," "genetic risk factor," and "interleukin." The initial search resulted in 107 results (PubMed n = 47, Scopus n = 14, and Web of Science n = 46). After a manual search, reviewing each article's title and abstract, and excluding duplicates, systematic reviews, and literature reviews, 30 articles were selected. After reading these 30 articles in full, 18 studies that did not describe the specific genetic polymorphism in relation to dental implant survival were excluded. Therefore, 12 articles were included in this review. The genetic polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-1A, IL-1B, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist, tumor necrosis factor-α, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B legend, and cluster of differentiation 14 were analyzed in the included studies. In seven of the studies, a statistically significant correlation between genetic polymorphisms and dental implant failure was observed. Of the polymorphisms studied, IL-1A (-899), IL-1B (+3954), and IL-4 (+33) showed a greater association with dental implant loss.

Assessment of oral hygiene and quality of life of children with autism spectrum disorder and their caregivers: an observational clinical study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the degrees of dependence and presence of bacterial plaque in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the quality of life of children and their caregivers. METHOD AND MATERIALS: This was a cross-sectional observational study. This study included 119 individuals with ASD and their caregivers. Data were collected through a sociodemographic questionnaire, WHOQOL-Bref, and Burden interview to measure quality of life and caregiver burden, respectively. The Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Imagé questionnaire, adapted in game format, was applied to verify quality of life in children with ASD. An oral clinical examination evaluated the visible plaque index. The collected data were tabulated and organized for statistical analysis with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: It was observed that 52% of the children had a severity of ASD level 1; 70% were dependent for general activities, and 65% were dependent for oral hygiene. Of the 77 children who thoroughly answered the questionnaire about their quality of life, 64.9% had good quality of life, and 35.1% had scores below 48, that is, low quality of life. In general, the caregivers generally presented quality of life with a rate of 60.95 (good) points on the scale. It was observed that gingival bleeding greater than 30% is two (ASD 2 + ASD 3) to three (ASD 3) times more likely to occur in patients who have higher levels of ASD (P < .004). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the quality of life of individuals with ASD was good, that most children are dependent for their daily activities and oral hygiene, and that they showed reasonable plaque control. On the other hand, the caregivers presented low quality of life and moderate burden.

Influence of new complete dentures on the touch perception threshold and quality of life of edentulous patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the touch perception threshold of the alveolar mucosa and quality of life of edentulous patients before (T0) and 30 days after (T1) the insertion of new complete dentures. BACKGROUND: Touch perception is important so that edentulous patients can detect the position of complete dentures in their mouth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 32 complete denture wearers with good oral and systemic health and no temporomandibular disorders for at least 5 years. At each time point (T0 and T1), two tests were performed (touch perception threshold and quality-of-life scale). The touch perception threshold (Von Frey or Semmes-Weinstein test) was assessed using nylon monofilaments on the regions of the alveolar mucosa of the maxilla and mandible. The Oral Health Impact Profile for edentulous individuals (OHIP-EDENT) was administered to evaluate oral health-related quality of life. RESULTS: In the maxilla and mandible, the touch perception thresholds for all regions of the alveolar mucosa were significantly lower at T1 than at T0. The OHIP-EDENT mean scores showed that the overall quality of life was significantly better at T1 (3.6) than at T0 (4.7), and a significant improvement in quality of life was observed in all domains of the OHIP-EDENT at T1. For touch perception threshold, effect sizes ranged from 0.4 to 0.8; and for quality of life, effect sizes ranged from 0.4 to 1.0. CONCLUSIONS: New complete dentures reduced the touch perception threshold of the alveolar mucosa of both edentulous arches and improved individuals' quality of life.

Removable Partial Denture - Functional Impression Techniques: Review.

The objective of this article is to concisely review the main clinical techniques used to make the functional impression to manufacture a removable partial denture. Through this review, the dentist can develop his clinical knowledge.

Effect of Photobiomodulation Combined with Physiotherapy on Functional Performance in Children with Myelomeningo-Cele-Randomized, Blind, Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the electrical activity of the rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles during the sit-to-stand task and functional mobility after a neurofunctional physiotherapy protocol associated with PBM. METHODS: Twenty-five children were randomly allocated to either Active PBM + physiotherapy (n = 13) or PBM sham + physiotherapy (n = 12). PBM was carried out with a LED device (850 nm, 25 J, 50 s per point and 200 mW) at four points over the area with absence of a spiny process. Both groups completed a twelve-week supervised program with two weekly 45-60 min sessions. Pre-training and post-training assessments involved the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). Muscle activity was assessed using portable electromyography (BTS Engineering) and the electrodes were positioned on the lateral gastrocnemius, anterior tibialis, and rectus femoris muscles. The RMS data were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: After 24 sessions of the treatment protocol, improvements were found in the PEDI score. The participants presented greater independence in performing the tasks, requiring less assistance from their caregivers. More significant electrical activity was found in the three muscles evaluated between the rest period and execution of the sit-to-stand tasks, both in the more compromised or less compromised lower limbs. CONCLUSION: Neurofunctional physiotherapy with or without PBM improved functional mobility and electrical muscle activity in children with myelomeningocele.

Relationship between self-reported pain, pain threshold, pain catastrophization and quality of life in patients with TMD.

Background: The aim of this study was to verify if there is a relationship between self-reported pain, PPT (pressure pain threshold) of the masseter, temporal and sternocleidomastoid muscles, pain catastrophizing and quality of life in patients with TMD (temporomandibular disorder) of muscular origin. Material and Methods: Ninety-seven patients with muscular TMD (TMD group) and 97 asymptomatic (control group) were included in the study. The evaluation methods used were: 1) Self-reported pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for questions 7, 8 and 9 of the RDC/TMD Axis I questionnaire; 2) The PPT assessment was performed using a digital algometer on the masseter, temporal, and sternocleidomastoid muscles (both sides); 3) Pain catastrophizing was assessed using the PCS (Pain Catastrophizing Scale); and 4) Oral health-related quality of life was assessed using the OHIP-14 (Oral Healthy Impact Profile-14). Data were submitted to Spearman correlation and logistic regression (p<0.05). Results: There were significant positive correlations between self-reported pain (VAS-Q7, VAS-Q8 and VAS-Q9), pain catastrophizing (PCS-Helplessness, PCS-Magnification, PCS-Rumination and PCS-Total) and quality of life (OHIP-14) (p<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation of self-reported pain (VAS-Q8) with PPT of the temporal (left) and sternocleidomastoid (both sides) (p<0.05). The rumination and magnification domains increased the chance of high self-reported pain in all situations (VAS-Q7, VAS-Q8 and VAS-Q9) (p<0.05). The helplessness domain only increased the chance of high self-reported pain for VAS-Q8 (p<0.05). The presence of TMD of muscular origin, high self-reported pain (VAS-Q7) or pain catastrophizing increased the chance of a low quality of life in relation to the control group (p<0.05). In addition, the reduction in sternocleidomastoid PPT increased the chance of poor quality of life (p<0.05). Key words:Myofascial pain syndromes, pain catastrophizing, myalgia, quality of life, surveys and questionnaires, temporomandibular joint disorders.

Abnormal Activity of Masticatory Muscles in Patients with Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

AIMS: to map and synthesize the results from studies that assessed whether individuals diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP) have abnormal masseter and temporal muscles activation during the masticatory cycle. METHODS: Six databases were searched for comparative observational studies assessing masticatory muscles activation in individuals with CP through electromyography analysis. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal Checklist. Outcome data were combined in meta-analysis using the Review Manager software. RESULTS: We included five cross-sectional studies with an overall low risk of bias. Meta-analyses showed no difference between CP and healthy individuals regarding maximum voluntary isometric contraction: right masseter (Standard mean difference [SMD] - 0.95; 95% CI -2.03 to 0.13); left masseter (SMD -0.92; 95% CI -1.93 to 0.09); right temporal (SMD -0.72; 95% CI -1.63 to 0.18); and left temporal (SMD -0.68; 95% CI -1.76 to 0.40). Electrical activity amplitude in the inactive period was superior in the CP group, and maximum bite pressure presented higher values in the control group (Mean difference [MD] - 17.38; CI 95% -26.62 to -10.15). CONCLUSIONS: Based on observational studies with a lower level of evidence, individuals with CP seem to present difficulties activating masticatory muscles. Future prospective cohort studies with rigorous methodology are still necessary to support these findings. PROSPERO register CRD42020208444.

Clinical reproducibility of different centric relation recording techniques in edentulous individuals: An observational cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: To assess the reproducibility of four different centric relation (CR) recording techniques, and time spent performing each technique in edentulous individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four techniques were assessed: extraoral gothic arch (EOGA) tracing, intraoral gothic arch (IOGA) tracing, deglutition (D), and frontal manipulation with tongue elevation (FMTE). Twelve subjects participated in the study; four technique records were performed on each volunteer by the same operator. Each record was repeated three times, in the same period of the day, with a 30 min interval between each technique. The reproducibility of each technique was assessed by the tri-dimensional displacement of the position of the condylar housing (mandible condyle) to the wall of the condylar guide (glenoid cavity) in the semi-adjustable articulator (anteroposterior, mediolateral, and superior-inferior). The time spent on each technique was timed in seconds (from the beginning of each technique until the wax occlusion fixation). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test were performed for anteroposterior displacement (two-way) and for time spent on CT recording techniques (one-way) (α < 0.05). Regarding mediolateral and superior-inferior displacements, the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis was performed for the comparison between recording methods, whereas the Mann-Whitney test was performed for the comparison between sides (α < 0.05). RESULTS: The factor recording technique interfered with the anteroposterior displacement (ANOVA: α < 0.001; F = 11.396). The technique D (right side: 3.78 ± 0.69 mm; left side: 3.45 ± 0.74 mm) showed a statistically significant difference compared to the other techniques (EOGA: right side: 3.00 ± 0.00 mm; left side: 3.00 ± 0.00 mm; FMTE: right side: 2.81 ± 0.52 mm; left side: 2.82 ± 0.79 mm; IOGA: right side: 2.90 ± 0.65 mm; left side: 3.12 ± 0.44 mm). The time spent on the recording technique influenced the results (ANOVA: α < 0.001; F = 21.118). The IOGA (340.40 ± 163.41 s) and EOGA (285.93 ± 133.84 s) required more time compared to the D (86.00 ± 34.33 s) and FMTE (101.33 ± 36.72 s) techniques. CONCLUSION: Graphic recordings showed better reproducibility and accuracy of the position of the centric relation.

The Inflammation Level and a Microbiological Analysis of the Anophthalmic Cavities of Unilateral Ocular Prosthesis Users: A Blind, Randomized Observational Study.

Irritation and biofilm adhesion are complaints associated with ocular prosthesis use. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of prosthesis repolishing on several conditions of anophthalmic volunteers. Participants were divided into two groups: intervention (IG, n = 10) and nonintervention (NIG, n = 6) groups. The anophthalmic cavity, contralateral eye, and prosthesis surface were evaluated at initial, day 15, and day 30 after repolishing. Microbiological analysis (colony-forming units), exfoliative cytology (conjunctiva inflammatory cells), sensory analysis (quantitative mechanical sensory test), tear production (Schirmer's test), and conjunctival inflammation (clinical evaluation) were performed. Nonparametric tests were used to compare groups in the initial period and to analyze periods for the IG (p < 0.05). More microorganisms were formed in the anophthalmic socket and prosthesis than in the contralateral eye in the initial period. For IG, the anophthalmic cavity exhibited more microorganisms and inflammatory clinical signs in the initial period than at 15 and 30 after repolishing. The prosthesis showed greater accumulations of total bacteria and Candida albicans in the initial period than at 15 and 30 days after repolishing. The anophthalmic cavity had more palpebral inflammation than the contralateral eye. In conclusion, repolishing reduced the number of microorganisms and inflammatory signs over time.

Relationship of excessive daytime sleepiness with bruxism, depression, anxiety, stress, and sex in odontology students - A cross sectional study.

Background: To verify if there is a correlation of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) with bruxism, depression, anxiety, stress, and sex in odontology students. Material and Methods: Four hundred dental students were selected. Students included in the study were those that were healthy, over 18 years old, and with similar weekly academic activities. Students excluded were those with temporomandibular disfunction, a high possibility of possessing obstructive sleep apnea and illnesses that cause EDS; along with smokers, users of illicit drugs, users of psychiatric medication, and those that abuse the consumption of alcohol. After the application of these criteria, 128 students were included in this study. EDS, bruxism, depression, anxiety, and stress were evaluated by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Pintado et al. questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the LIPP Adult Stress Symptom Inventory. Afterwards, the Spearman test (p< 0.05) was applied. Results: A high probability of EDS was present in 33.6% of the students. There was a positive correlation of EDS with females (Rank Correlation= 0.209; p= 0.018) and depression (Rank Correlation= 0.174; p= 0.049); between females and stress (Rank Correlation= 0.199; p= 0.024), and between females and anxiety (Rank Correlation= 0.178; p= 0.045). There was a positive correlation of bruxism with anxiety (Rank Correlation= 0.255; p= 0.004) and stress (Rank Correlation= 0.201; p= 0.023). There was no correlation of EDS with bruxism (p= 0.354), stress (p= 0.277), or anxiety (p= 0.114). There was no correlation of bruxism with females (p= 0.082) or depression (p= 0.362). Conclusions: A high probability of EDS was present in 33.6% of dentistry students, and there was a positive correlation of EDS with females and depression. Key words:Bruxism, depression, anxiety, stress, disorders of excessive somnolence, dentistry.

Relationship of bruxism with oral health-related quality of life and facial muscle pain in dentate individuals.

Background: To determine whether there is a correlation of bruxism (sleep, daytime, or both) with oral health-related quality of life and facial pain of muscular origin in dentate individuals. Material and Methods: Seventy-four dentate patients (complete dentition) were included in this study. These individuals had pain in the facial muscles due to temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Smokers; and those with obstructive sleep apnea, TMD of joint origin associated or not with pain, malocclusion, and cancer; and users of illicit drugs, psychiatric medications, and alcohol were excluded. Obstructive sleep apnea, bruxism (of sleep and/or daytime), facial muscle pain, and oral health-related quality of life were assessed by the following questionnaires: Berlin Questionnaire, Pintado et al. questionnaire, VAS (Visual Analog Scale) facial muscle pain questionnaire, and Oral Health Impact Profile - 14. Four groups were created: 1) no bruxism; 2) sleep bruxism; 3) daytime bruxism; and 4) sleep and daytime bruxism. Spearman's correlation test was applied to verify if there was a correlation between the collected data. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: There was a positive correlation of daytime bruxism with mean pain in the last 3 months (P<0.05) and the worst pain experienced in the last 3 months (P<0.05). Conclusions: Bruxism (sleep, daytime, or both) showed a positive correlation with lower oral health-related quality of life (P<0.05). Key words:Bruxism, facial pain, temporomandibular joint disorders, surveys and questionnaires, health-related quality of life.

Impact of chronic orofacial pain of temporomandibular disorder and anxiety on the academic performance of dental students / Impacto da dor orofacial crônica da disfunção temporomandibular e ansiedade no desempenho acadêmico de estudantes de odontologia

Introduction: The presence of chronic pain and mood disorders can be related to the performance of intellectual and technical tasks. Objective: This study evaluated the correlation between anxiety level, chronic orofacial pain of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and academic performance in dental students. Methods: One hundred ninety-five students (74 men and 121 women) answered the Spielberger's trait­state anxiety inventory to evaluate the level of anxiety; the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) was used to analyze chronic orofacial pain of TMD, and the academic performance was evaluated through the average grade of all college subjects concluded by the students. Correlations between the presence of chronic orofacial pain of TMD, trait, and state anxiety levels, chronic pain grade (CPG), chronic pain intensity (CPI), and academic performance were tested using Pearson's correlation test. Results: The mean age of the students was 21.8 years (SD=2.3). Chronic TMD was observed in 37.5% of the students. The majority of students had moderate trait and state anxiety. A significant correlation was observed between traitanxiety level and CPG (r=0.148, p=0.044), and CPI (r=0.187, p=0.009). No significant correlation was found between academic grade and presence of chronic pain of TMD (r=0.041, p=0.571), trait (r=0.079, p=0.273) and state-anxiety (r=0.107, p=0.136). Conclusion: The CPG and CPI increase in participants with higher trait-anxiety levels, however, no significant correlation was found between academic performance and trait/state anxiety or chronic orofacial pain of TMD.

Non-surgical interventions for the treatment of masticatory muscular spasticity in patients with cerebral palsy. Systematic review of randomized clinical trials.

INTRODUCTION: Muscle disorders caused by cerebral palsy (CP) can affect oral function. The treatment for masticatory muscle spasticity is important to minimize muscle hyperactivity and preclude oral damages. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of non-surgical interventions for the treatment of masticatory muscle spasticity in CP patients. METHODS: A comprehensive search was performed in the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, LILACS, BBO, PEDro, Clinicaltrials.gov and WHO/ICTRP, without date and language restrictions. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) evaluating non-surgical interventions were considered. Primary outcomes such as masticatory function and adverse events were planned to be assessed. The risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. RESULTS: Three RCT assessing the effects of botulinum toxin, functional masticatory training and neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) were included. Evidence with a very low certainty showed: (i) no difference between botulinum toxin and placebo regarding maximum chewing strength, chewing efficiency and global oral health scale; (ii) improvement in masticatory function in favor of functional masticatory training versus conventional exercises, and (iii) in favor of strengthening exercises plus NMES versus placebo. CONCLUSIONS: There was insufficient evidence to support the use of botulinum toxin and masticatory muscle strengthening programs alone and associated with NMES for the treatment of masticatory muscle in patients with PC. The clinical decision must be individualized, and further studies are needed to support or refute the use of different non-surgical interventions for PC. PROSPERO register number CRD42020209761.

Dores musculares cervicais em pacientes com DTM e suas correlações / Cervical muscle pain in patients with TMD and its correlations

Introdução: As disfunções temporomandibulares apresentam uma variedade de sinais e sintomas que afetam a articulação temporomandibular, músculos da mastigação e estruturas relacionadas e muitos pacientes apresentam queixas cervicais. Objetivo: Verificar a correlação de dor à palpação dos músculos da mastigação (masseter, temporal anterior, pterigoideos lateral e medial) e digástrico, com a queixa de dor no pescoço; verificar a correlação de dor à palpação nos músculos da mastigação e digástrico, com dor à palpação no esternocleidomastoideo e trapézio, e se a força de correlação é diferente entre eles. Material e método: Foram avaliados 232 prontuários da clínica odontológica das Disfunções Temporomandibulares da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, do período de 2011 a 2013. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise estatística, com alfa (α) = 0.01 para todos os casos, exceto digástrico quando associado ao trapézio (α) = 0.05. Resultado: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino. Houve correlação positiva entre dor à palpação nos músculos temporal, masseter, pterigoideo lateral, esternocleidomastoideo e trapézio, e queixa de dor no pescoço. Também houve correlação positiva entre a dor em todos os músculos da mastigação (masseter, temporal, pterigoideo lateral e medial) e digástrico e a dor no esternocleidomastoideo. Bem como a correlação de presença de dor nos músculos masseter, temporal, pterigoideo lateral e digástrico com dor no trapézio. A correlação de dor foi mais forte para o músculo esternocleidomastoideo, exceto para o pterigoideo lateral. Conclusão: Existe correlação positiva entre a queixa de dor à palpação nos músculos da mastigação, exceto pterigiodeo medial, e os músculos cervicais (esternocleidomastoideo e trapézio). A força de correlação entre a dor do masseter e temporal anterior com o esternocleidomastoideo é mais forte do que com o trapézio.

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders present a variety of signs and symptoms that affect the temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscles and related structures, and many patients have cervical complaints. Objective: To verify the correlation of pain on palpation of the mastication muscles (masseter, anterior temporal, lateral and medial pterygoid), and digastric muscles with the complaint of neck pain; to verify the correlation of pain on palpation in the masticatory and digastric muscles with pain on palpation in the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius and if the correlation strength is different between them. Material and method: From 2011 to 2013, 232 medical records from the dental clinic of Temporomandibular Disorders of the Faculty of Dentistry of Araçatuba were evaluated. The data collected were submitted to statistical analysis, with alpha (α) = 0.01 for all cases, except digastric when associated with the trapezoid (α) = 0.05. Result Most patients were female. There was a positive correlation between pain on palpation in the temporal, masseter, lateral pterygoid, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, and complaints of neck pain. There was also a positive correlation between pain in all muscles of mastication (masseter, temporal, lateral and medial pterygoid), and digastric and sternocleidomastoid pain. As well as the correlation of the presence of pain in the masseter, temporal, lateral pterygoid and digastric muscles with pain in the trapezius. Pain correlation was strongest for the sternocleidomastoid muscle, except for the lateral pterygoid. Conclusion There is a positive correlation between the complaint of pain on palpation in the masticatory muscles, except Medial pterygoid, with the cervical muscles (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius). The strength of correlation between masseter and anterior temporal pain with the sternocleidomastoid is stronger than with the trapezius.

Effect of photobiomodulation combined with physical therapy on functional performance in children with myelomeningocele: A protocol randomized clinical blind study.

INTRODUCTION: Myelomeningocele is a severe type of spina bifida, resulting from improper closure of the neural tube. This condition drastically affects the structures of the spinal cord resulting in deficiencies. The combination of these deficiencies results in an overall decrease in mobility and functional participation amongst this population. Physiotherapy plays an essential role in rehabilitating people with MMC. The current literature shows that resources such as photobiomodulation (PBM) may support the rehabilitation of neurological conditions. The aim of the proposed study is to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) combined with physical therapy on functional performance in children with low lumbosacral myelomeningocele. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a protocol randomized clinical blind study, that will include 30 individuals of both sexes, aged between 5 to 8 years, diagnosed with low and sacral lumbar myelomeningocele and capable of performing the sit-to-stand task. The participants will be randomly assigned into two treatment groups: PBM + physiotherapeutic exercises and sham PBM + physiotherapeutic exercises. Irradiation will be carried out with light emitting diode (LED) at a wavelength of 850 nm, energy of 25 J per point, 50 seconds per point and a power of 200 mW. The same device will be used in the placebo group but will not emit light. Muscle activity will be assessed using a portable electromyograph (BTS Engineering) and the sit-to-stand task will be performed as a measure of functioning. Electrodes will be positioned on the lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior and rectus femoris muscles. The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory will be used to assess functional independence. Quality of life will be assessed using the Child Health Questionnaire-Parent Form 50. Changes in participation will be assessed using the Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth. The data will be analyzed with the aid of GraphPad PRISM. DISCUSSION: The results of this study can contribute to a better understanding of the effectiveness of PBM on functioning and quality of life in children with myelomeningocele. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04425330.

Impact event and orofacial pain amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: a cross-sectional epidemiological study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess the impact of social isolation, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, on mental health, Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) and orofacial pain in men and women. METHODOLOGY: Individuals living in Brazil answered an online questionnaire on their sociodemographic and behavioral aspects, emotional scale (DASS-21), Impact of Event Scale, and Pain Screener in Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD-Pain Screener) during June 2020. Descriptive statistical analyses and logistic and linear regressions were applied (5% significance). RESULTS: Overall, 2301 individuals were included, 89.1% practiced social isolation, 72.6% were employed/studying, at least 15% presented severe or extremely severe levels of emotional distress and presence of powerful (34.1%) and severe impact event (15%). During the outbreak, 53.2% perceived feeling worse and 31.8% reported that orofacial pain started or worsened after the pandemic outbreak. Gender was associated with "social class" (P=0.036), "pain/stiffness in the jaw on awakening" (P=0.037), "change of pain during jaw habits" (P=0.034) and "perception of change in the situations mentioned in the TMD-Pain Screener" (P=0.020), "depression" (P=0.012), "anxiety" (P=0.006) and "impact of the event" (P=8.3E-11). Social isolation had a lesser chance to change the routine, to be practiced by the unemployed/not studying, and to be practiced by men (all with P<0.001). Associations were found between social class and all subscales of the DASS-21 and IES, all with P<0.001. CONCLUSIONS: The practice of social isolation has social determinants. High levels of psychological and event impacts were detected. The presence of orofacial pain seemed to increase during the health crisis, and there were gender differences in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Masticatory efficiency, bite force and electrical activity of the masseter and temporalis muscles in bodybuilders.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the masticatory efficiency, the maximum voluntary occlusal bite force (MVOBF) and the electrical activity (EMG) of masticatory muscles of practitioners of upper limb bodybuilding before and after physical activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty healthy individuals (10 men and 10 women, age from 18 to 30 (mean of 24.7 years old) without masticatory system disorders, that regularly practice hypertrophic physical activity were submitted to the analyses of masticatory efficiency, MVOBF, and surface EMG of the temporalis and masseter muscles. The masticatory efficiency was analyzed by comminution of the artificial material (Optocal®) and a sieving method. The MVOBF was measured by a dynamometer, and EMG was evaluated during resting mandibular position, maximum voluntary clenching (MVC), and MVC with a Parafilm M tape between teeth, and free mastication of chewing gum. The analyses were made before (T0) and immediately after the performance of upper limb bodybuilding exercises (T1). The data of masticatory efficiency and MVOBF were submitted to the Student T-test, and their correlations were analyzed by the Pearson correlation test, and the EMG data were submitted to the 2-way repeated measures ANOVA, all tests with a 5% significance. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease of masticatory efficiency after the training. No statistical difference in the MVOBF and EMG was found, and there was a positive correlation between masticatory efficiency and MVOBF. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, changes were found for masticatory efficiency only, which decreased after hypertrophic exercise. There was a positive correlation between masticatory efficiency and MVOBF. Key words:Masticatory efficiency, bite force, physical activity, electromyography.

Extended-pour and conventional alginates: effect of storage time on dimensional accuracy and maintenance of details.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the dimensional stability and maintenance of details of conventional and high stability alginates up to 5-day storage. METHODS: Two types of alginates were selected (n=10) for this study, conventional (Hydrogum) and high stability alginates (Hydrogum 5), which were produced with the aid of a cylindrical metal block and a ring-shaped metal mold (Specifications 18, 19, and 25, ANSI/ADA). Ten images were obtained from the molds for the dimensional stability test, which were taken immediately after their production and at each different storage periods (15 min, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, and 120 h) by a digital camera. The specimens were kept hermetically sealed in plastic bags (23°C) and then used to obtain 140 (n=70) dental stone models, used in the detail reproduction test, in which the angular accuracy of three grooves (20 µm, 50 µm, and 75 µm) was observed at each period. The details reproduction accuracy was classified using a predetermined score classification. Measurements of dimensional changes were made in the Corel DRAW X6 program. The data were submitted to the Student's t-test (α?#8197;= 0.05). RESULTS: A statistically significant difference concerning the size of the matrix was observed after 24h for both alginates, and a statistically significant negative linear dimensional change (contraction) was verified after 24 h of storage (1.52% for the high stability alginate, and 1.32% for the conventional alginate). The high stability alginate kept the full details for 72 hours, while the conventional alginate, for 24 h. Both alginates reproduced the 75 µm groove at all storage periods. CONCLUSION: Impressions made with both alginates presented satisfactory clinical results when the alginates were immediately poured.

Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Sensitization of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle and Its Effects on Trigeminal Muscle Sensitivity and Pain Profiles: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Study.

AIMS: To investigate whether localized sensitization of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle using nerve growth factor (NGF) would affect masseter and anterior temporalis muscle sensitivity and pain profiles. METHODS: A total of 28 healthy participants attended two sessions (T0 and T1). At T0, the maximum voluntary occlusal bite force (MVOBF), as well as pressure pain thresholds (PPT), mechanical sensitivity, and referred pain/sensations for the SCM, masseter, and temporalis muscles, were assessed. Participants also completed the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ), and the Neck Disability Index (NDI). After these assessments, 14 participants received an injection of NGF into the SCM, and 14 received an injection of isotonic saline solution. At T1 (48 hours postinjection), the participants were again submitted to the same evaluations. RESULTS: NGF caused significant mechanical sensitization in the SCM (P < .025), but not in the masseter or temporalis muscles (P > .208). It also caused significant increases in NDI score (P = .004). No statistically significant differences were found for MVOBF, frequency of referred pain/sensations, or questionnaire scores (P > .248). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that 48 hours after localized sensitization of the SCM, the primary response is impairment of neck function, but not jaw function.

Effects of rehabilitation with complete dentures on bite force and electromyography of jaw and neck muscles and the correlation with occlusal vertical dimension.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of oral rehabilitation with complete dentures on bite force and electromyography of the suprahyoid and sternocleidomastoid muscles, and their correlation with occlusal vertical dimension (OVD). The research questions were "What are the effects of rehabilitation with complete dentures on bite force and electromyography of suprahyoid and sternocleidomastoid muscles, and how are they correlated with OVD?" MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who are wearers of unsatisfactory removable complete dentures were attended in three sessions (T0, T1, and T2). At T0, while the patients still wore the old dentures, they were submitted to bite force and surface electromyographic exams of the suprahyoid and sternocleidomastoid muscles. These exams were repeated, and the OVD was measured while the patients wore their old and new prostheses, 30 days after insertion of the new prosthesis (T1). The exams were repeated 100 days after the insertion of the new prosthesis (T2). The data were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation and linear regression, all with 5% significance. RESULTS: Fifteen patients participated in the study. No statistically significant difference was observed for bite force or electromyography in T0, T1, or T2. However, the correlation and regression tests showed important interactions between the OVD and maximum voluntary occlusal bite force, as well as the OVD and electromyography during deglutition for the suprahyoid muscles. CONCLUSION: Rehabilitation did not impact bite force nor the activity of the assessed muscles (electromyography). On the other hand, OVD was shown to be an important factor for bite force, and deglutition of water after rehabilitation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study shows what are the influences of rehabilitation on oral functions and reinforces the importance of corrected reestablishment of OVD because it has been found to be an important factor for bite force and electromyography during deglutition.