Health insurance coverage and poverty status of postpartum women in the United States in 2019: an ACS-PUMS population-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: A quarter of United States (US) postpartum women still report unmet health care needs and health care unaffordability. We aimed to study associations between receipt of health insurance coverage and poverty status/receipt of government financial support and determine coverage gaps overall and by social factors among US postpartum women in poverty. METHODS: This study design is a cross-sectional study using secondary data. We included women who gave birth within the last 12 months from 2019 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Sample. Poverty was defined as having an income-to-poverty ratio of less than 100%. We explored Medicaid/government medical assistance gaps among women in poverty. To examine the associations between Medicaid/government medical assistance (exposures) and poverty/government financial support (outcomes), we used age-, race-, and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models. We also evaluated the associations of state, race, citizenship status, or language other than English spoken at home (exposures) with receipt of Medicaid/government medical assistance (outcomes) among women in poverty through multivariable-adjusted logistic regression. RESULTS: It was notable that 35.6% of US postpartum women in poverty did not have Medicaid/government medical assistance and only a small proportion received public assistance income (9.8%)/supplementary security income (3.1%). Women with Medicaid/government medical assistance, compared with those without the coverage, had statistically significantly higher odds of poverty [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.15, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 2.85-3.48], having public assistance income (aOR: 24.52 [95% CI: 17.31-34.73]), or having supplementary security income (aOR: 4.22 [95% CI: 2.81-6.36]). Also, among postpartum women in poverty, women in states that had not expanded Medicaid, those of Asian or other race, non-US citizens, and those speaking another language had statistically significantly higher odds of not receiving Medicaid/government medical assistance [aORs (95% CIs): 2.93 (2.55-3.37); 1.30 (1.04-1.63); 3.65 (3.05-4.38); and 2.08 (1.86-2.32), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the receipt of Medicaid/government medical assistance is significantly associated with poverty and having government financial support. However, postpartum women in poverty still had Medicaid/government medical assistance gaps, especially those who lived in states that had not expanded Medicaid, those of Asian or other races, non-US citizens, and other language speakers.

Heterogeneous effects of socio-economic and cultural factors on fertility differentials in Burundi and Morocco during their fertility transition periods: a retrospective, cross-sectional and comparative study.

Introduction: few studies have examined the factors influencing fertility differentials and the variation in their effects in countries with different socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds and different fertility transition paces. To address this gap, our study sought to first identify the factors that influenced fertility differentials in Morocco and Burundi during their fertility transition periods, and then to compare the effects of these factors between the two countries. Methods: using data from the 2003-4 Morocco and 2010 Burundi Demographic and Health Surveys, bivariable and multivariable Poisson regression analyses offset by the natural logarithm of the women´s age were performed to identify the socioeconomic and cultural factors that influenced fertility differentials in Morocco and Burundi during their fertility transition. Results: our main findings showed that the total number of children ever born ranged from 0 to 17 with a mean of 2.71 ± 2.89 in Burundi and from 0 to 16 with a mean of 1.88 ± 2.80 in Morocco. In Burundi, both socioeconomic and cultural factors like rural residence adjusted incident rate ratio (AIRR) = 1.159, 95% CI: 1.103 - 1.217, P=0.020), women´s illiteracy (AIRR=1.465, 95% CI: 1.241- 1.729, P <0.001) and agricultural profession (AIRR=1. 332, 95% CI: 1.263 - 1.401, P = 0.004), household poverty (AIRR= 1.381, 95% CI: 1.223 - 1.431, p<0.001), infant mortality (AIRR= 1.602, 95% CI: 1.562 - 1.643, p<0.001), early marriage (AIRR= 1.313, 95% CI: 1.264 - 1.364, p<0.001), lack of knowledge of any contraceptives (AIRR= 1.263, 95% CI: 1.125 - 1.310, p = 0.003) and failure to use modern contraceptives (AIRR= 1.520, 95% CI: 1.487 - 1.611, p<0.001) were associated with high number of children ever born. However, in Morocco socioeconomic factors like residence place, women´s agricultural profession and household poverty were not significant. In this country, women´s illiteracy (AIRR=1.428, 95% CI: 1.315 - 1.551, P <0.001), lack of access to mass media (AIRR= 1.241, 95% CI: 1.108 - 1.375, p = 0.006), infant mortality (AIRR=1.222, 95%CI: 1.184 - 1.361, p<0.001), early marriage (AIRR1.481, 95% CI: 1.435 - 1.529, p<0.001), lack of knowledge of any contraceptives (AIRR1.508, 95% CI: 1.409 - 1.613, p<0.001) and failure to use modern contraceptives (AIRR1.745, 95% CI: 1.627 - 1.863, p<0.001) were associated with high fertility but with different effects than in Burundi. Conclusion: the evidence from this study suggests that interventions to accelerate the fertility transition processes in Burundi and many other countries with slow fertility transitions should be designed and implemented according to each country's local context.