Inflammatory cytokines gene expression in bone tissue from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis- a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether mucosal inflammation has an effect on the bone under the mucosa in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was evaluation of inflammatory cytokines genes expression in bone tissue taken from the patients who had undergone endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS. METHODS: A total group of a consecutive 49 patients with diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis based on EPOS 2007 criteria undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS were enrolled in the study. Based on histopathologic findings of the mucosal and bone tissues we evaluated the rate of inflammation. Expression of target genes: interleukin 1ß (IL1ß), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 11 (IL11), tumor growth factor ß (TGF ß) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) were analysed by real-time PCR method in samples of the ethmoid bone taken during endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS. RESULTS: Based on histopathological findings in the studied population we found symptoms of osteitis in 5 patients. In the studied population we found significant differences between patients with osteitis and without osteitis with respect to IL6 gene expression in bone tissue (p=0.0003), IL11 gene expression (p=0.02) and TNFα gene expression in bone tissue (p=0.0035). CONCLUSION: In our study we have demonstrated that in some patients with CRS and coexisting symptoms of osteitis some inflammatory markers genes expression are increased in this population.

Dependence between quality and removal effectiveness of organic matter in hybrid constructed wetlands.

The operation of three hybrid constructed wetland systems composed with vertical flow (VF-CW) and horizontal flow (HF-CW) constructed wetlands was analysed. The analyses were carried out in two wetlands (CWs) located in northern Poland: in Wiklino and Wieszyno and one in Wiedersberg in Germany. The wetlands were supplied with domestic sewage after mechanical treatment. It was proved that the decomposition rate of organic matter was determined by proportions of organic hardly decomposed (COD-X(S)) and non-decomposed (COD-X(I)) suspension. It was proved that increase of organic matter (OM) concentration in filter material of first beds in plants: Wiklino and Wieszyno caused clogging and decreased removal efficiency. In the two-years long study no accumulation of organic matter in the VF-CW in Wiedersberg was observed. Therefore, the aerobic conditions maintained in the bed enabled efficient decomposition of soluble organic easy-to-decompose fraction (COD-S(S))and COD-X(S) and no accumulation of OM was observed. The effectiveness of COD removal in the VF-CW in Wiklino and Wieszyno was lower in comparison to Wiedersberg, which was due to lower biodegradation potential of treated sewage (in Wiklino) and accumulation of OM in the sub-surface bed layer, resulting in pores clogging and reduction of air inflow (in Wieszyno).

Polish experience with sewage sludge dewatering in reed systems.

Macrophyte plants e.g. reed, cattails, bulrush, can be applied to sewage sludge utilisation. One of the first facilities of this type in the Gdansk region (Northern Poland) was established in Darzlubie in 1995 and primary sludge has been utilised in reed beds there. The objective of the undertaken research was evaluating the influence of sewage sludge storage on its chemical and biological properties. A total of 5.5 m thick layer of primary, anaerobically stabilised sludge (moisture 90-96%) was loaded to the reed bed during 6 years of operation. As a consequence of dewatering and biochemical transformation, the sludge layer decreased to 30 cm. Moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents, as well as coli index, Clostridium perfringens index and the number of Ascaris lumbricoides ova were measured. Also the contents of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Cd) were determined in sludge samples. The study showed that sludge storage in reed beds results in dewatering and partial stabilisation. In the reed lagoons in Swarzewo and Zambrow, dewatering of secondary sludges was investigated. The results of measurements of the quality of sludge and effluent from the reed lagoon in Zambrow are also presented.

[Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes]. / Umieralnosc z powodu chorób ukladu krazenia u chorych na cukrzyce typu 2.

In the period 1973/74-1995 a prospective observation was carried out on 4420 diabetic patients (1990 males and 2430 females) aged 30-68 years, with type 2 (non-insulin dependent diabetes) of 1-10 years duration. During the 22-year period nearly 80% of the initial cohort died. The risk of death was 2-times higher in diabetes than in the samples of general population observed at the same time. The death risk from cardiovascular diseases was over 3.0 times higher than in general population. The relevant risk ratio was found over 5-times higher for coronary heart disease, which was unlike to result from the differences in death ascertainment between diabetics and the city dwellers. The all-causes ratio of death and cardiovascular diseases was the same for women and men but it was selectively higher for females than males group for coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases, and for males 50% higher for atherosclerosis and other heart diseases. The highest cumulation of risk factors was observed for deaths from cardiovascular diseases, and coronary heart disease. There were risk factors typical for cardiovascular disease and typical for poor metabolic control of diabetes (hyperglycaemia, glucosuria) and presence of complications of diabetes (nephropathy).

[Risk factors of the incidence of late vascular complications of diabetes]. / Czynniki ryzyka zapadalnosci z powodu powiklan naczyniowych cukrzycy.

From the follow-up examination of 1329 out of 4420 type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes followed for 17 years, the incidence of micro and macrovascular complications (proteinuria and nephropathy, symptoms of leg vascular disease, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular events, was estimated and related to the levels of baseline-risk variables using logistic regression. For new cases of proteinuria and heavy proteinuria, hyperglycemia was the common predictor (alongside diastolic hypertension, smoking and overweight); hyperglycemia and glycosuria were among significant predictors of leg vascular disease (with duration of diabetes, smoking, male sex, diastolic hypertension, and proteinuria). On the other hand, systolic hypertension and male sex prevailed among factors predicting both ischemic heart disease (with high cholesterol and overweight), and stroke. The data confirm the higher involvement of diabetic milieu in micro than macrovascular incidents, with diabetic foot disease placed in between.

[Mortality of diabetic patients in Warsaw--22 year prospective observation (1973/74-1995). I. Mortality of diabetic patients with type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent-diabetes)]. / Umieralnosc chorych na cukrzyce w Warszawie--22-letnia obserwacja prospektywna (1973/74-1995). Czesc I. Umieralnosc chorych na cukrzyce typu 2 (insulinoniezalezna).

In the period 1973/74-1995 a prospective observation was carried out on 4420 diabetic patients (1990 males and 2430 females) aged 30-68 years, with type 2 (non-insulin dependent diabetes) of 1-10 years duration. During the 22-years period nearly 80% of initial cohort died. The risk of death were 2-times higher in diabetes than in the samples of general population observed at the same time. The death risk from cardiovascular disease were over 3-times higher than in general population. The relevant risk ratio has been found over 5-times higher for coronary heart disease, which were unlike to results from the differences in death ascertainment between diabetics and the city dwellers. The all-causes ratio of death and cardiovascular diseases were the same for women and men but it was selectively higher for females then males group for coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases. Among diabetic cohort the risk of death was also higher for neoplasms, especially in women.

[Mortality of diabetic patients in Warsaw--22 year prospective observation (1973/74-1995). II. Mortality of patients with type I diabetes (insulin-dependent-diabetes)]. / Umieralnosc chorych na cukrzyce w Warszawie--22-letnia obserwacja prospektywna (1973/74-1995) czesc II. Umieralnosc chorych z cukrzyca typu 1 (insulinozalezna).

During the follow-up 1973/74-1995 years 171 subjects with type 1 (insulin dependent diabetes) (105 males and 66 females) aged 18-30 years died 31.6% (32.4% males and 30.3% females). The relative risk of mortality for all causes in the compared to the general population was 5.0 (3.5 for men and 7.5 for women). Almost 30% deaths were from renal disease, 17% from ischemic heart disease, and 3 death in women from carcinoma of breast.