Comparison of 4 MV photon surface dose among Varian, Siemens, and Elekta linear accelerators for tangential breast treatment: a phantom study.

PURPOSE: We have compared the differences in a 4-MV photon surface dose among Varian, Siemens, and Elekta linear accelerators (linacs) with wedges for tangential breast treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The wedge factor and the surface dose were measured using a solid water phantom and an ion chamber for each linear accelerator with various field sizes and wedge angles. A tangential treatment plan was applied to an elliptical hollow cylinder water phantom with a radiochromic film placed thereon. A dose was delivered to a simulated target in the phantom, and the resulting dose distribution was analyzed using a film scanner. RESULTS: Varian's wedges resulted in the highest wedge factors, ranging from 0.37 to 0.75 depending on the wedge angles. Varian's wedges led to the highest normalized skin doses, ranging between 0.40 and 0.73 depending on the wedge angles and field sizes. In the cylinder phantom test with two tangential beams, the Varian linac provided a nearly 20% higher maximum dose than the Siemens and Elekta linacs. CONCLUSION: The Varian linac resulted in the highest surface doses, and the Elekta linac led to the lowest for nearly all the measurement conditions we employed, including open beams.

Induction of CD94/NKG2A expression on T cells in mixed lymphocyte culture by CD14+ cells from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

We report the increased expression of inhibitory natural killer (NK) cell receptor, CD94/NKG2A, for human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I on CD8+ T cells in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (G-PBMC) after mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). The addition of purified CD14+ cells to CD14-depleted G-PBMC-induced CD94/NKG2A expression in a dose-dependent fashion; however, this enhancing effect was inhibited by the membrane between responder cells and CD14+ cells. Therefore, CD14+ cells in G-PBMC induce CD94/NKG2A expression on CD8+ T cells, which in turn appear to downregulate alloresponses after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.