Death after cure: Mortality among pulmonary tuberculosis survivors in rural Uganda.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of mortality and its predictors among pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) survivors treated at a rural Ugandan tertiary hospital. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of data between 2013 and 2023. We included all people that met the World Health Organisation's definition of tuberculosis cure and traced them or their next of kin to determine vital status (alive/deceased). We estimated the cumulative incidence of mortality per 1000 population, crude all-cause mortality rate per 1000 person-years, and median years of potential life lost for deceased individuals. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we investigated predictors of mortality. RESULTS: Of 334 PTB survivors enrolled, 38 (11.4%) had died. The cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality was 113.7 per 1000 population, and the crude all-cause mortality rate was 28.5 per 1000 person-years. The median years of potential life lost for deceased individuals was 23.8 years (IQR: 9.6-32.8). Hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 4.3, 95% CI: 1.1-16.6) and unemployment (aHR: 7.04, 95% CI: 1.5-31.6) at TB treatment initiation predicted mortality. CONCLUSION: PTB survivors experience post high mortality rates after TB cure. Survivors who were hospitalized and unemployed at treatment initiation were more likely to die after cure. Social protection measures and long-term follow-up of previously hospitalized patients could improve the long-term survival of TB survivors.

One dollar incentive improves tuberculosis treatment outcomes in programmatic settings in rural Uganda.

The study aim was to determine the association of a one United States dollar (USD) dollar incentive and tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes among people with TB receiving treatment at a rural hospital in Uganda under programmatic settings. We conducted a quasi-experiment in which people with TB were randomised (1:1 ratio) to receive either a one USD incentive at months 0, 2, 5 and 6 (Dollar arm) or routine care (Routine arm). A second control group (Retrospective controls) consisted of participants who had a treatment outcome in the preceding 6 months. Treatment outcomes were compared between the intervention and control groups using Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. The association between the incentive and treatment outcomes was determined using Poisson regression analysis with robust variances. Between November 2018 and October 2019, we enrolled 180 participants (60 in the Dollar arm and 120 in the Control group). TB cure (33.3% vs. 20.8%, p = 0.068) and treatment success (70.0% vs. 59.2% p = 0.156) were higher in the Dollar arm than the Control group, while loss-to-follow-up was lower in the Dollar arm (10.0% vs. 20.8% p = 0.070). Participants in the Dollar arm were more likely to be cured (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR): 1.59, 95% CI 1.04-2.44, p = 0.032) and less likely to be lost to follow-up (aIRR: 0.44, 95% CI 0.20-0.96, p = 0.040). A one-dollar incentive was associated with higher TB cure and lower loss-to-follow-up among people with TB in rural Uganda.