RESUMO
Military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan witnessed decreased numbers of soldiers killed in action and increased numbers of soldiers wounded in action. Medical personnel attribute these changes to use of improved body armor, rapid evacuation to medical treatment facilities, and use of medical technology. In recent years, medical technologist performed extensive research to identify and develop better field tourniquets and bandages to support wounded soldiers. Determining the benefit of these technologies to save a wounded soldier's life poses numerous challenges for medical personnel and commanders tasked to determine these benefits and make buy or no-buy decisions. This study uses modeling and simulation (M&S) to produce combat casualties, incorporate the projected benefits of field tourniquets and bandages, and examine their effects on wounded soldiers in a realistic simulated combat setting. The results show the positive benefit of using M&S to support analysis of medical technology and to inform medical research decisions.
Assuntos
Hemorragia/terapia , Modelos Biológicos , Bandagens , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/métodos , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/organização & administração , Hemorragia/mortalidade , Hemorragia/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Guerra do Iraque 2003-2011 , Torniquetes , Ferimentos e Lesões/sangue , Ferimentos e Lesões/mortalidade , Ferimentos e Lesões/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The role of topographic information from a moving limb in controlling the trajectory of the limb was explored by comparing the ability of 3 normal and 2 unilaterally deafferented monkeys to generate criterion elbow flexions when opposed by different weights. When lifting initially unknown weights, both groups of monkeys reached maximum positions that were inversely related to load. The performance of the deafferented monkeys approached that of the normal monkeys on these first lifts of initially unknown weights. The preceding load had a greater effect on the initial lifts of the deafferented monkeys than on those of the normal monkeys. When allowed to repeatedly lift the same weight, both groups obtained a high density of reinforcement, but the responses of the deafferented monkeys were more dependent on the weight. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanical properties of muscle make an important contribution to compensation.
Assuntos
Articulação do Cotovelo/inervação , Contração Isométrica , Cinestesia/fisiologia , Contração Muscular , Músculos/inervação , Raízes Nervosas Espinhais/fisiologia , Esportes , Levantamento de Peso , Percepção de Peso/fisiologia , Vias Aferentes/fisiologia , Animais , Gravitação , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/fisiologiaRESUMO
When trained in a weight-lifting paradigm, both normal and deafferented monkeys achieved high reinforcement densities at all test weights employed. Recordings of acceleration on the first lift of an unknown weight reveal that at some delay after the start of movement deafferented monkeys can alter the subsequent trajectory by a sudden change in applied torque. Comparison with normal animals indicates that short latency feedback pathways in normal animals contribute to the smoothness of movements made in the face of unknown external loads.
Assuntos
Membro Anterior/inervação , Movimento , Esportes , Levantamento de Peso , Vias Aferentes/fisiologia , Animais , Retroalimentação , Haplorrinos , Músculos/inervaçãoAssuntos
Pressão Sanguínea , Medula Espinal/fisiologia , Sistema Vasomotor/fisiologia , Animais , Fibras Autônomas Pré-Ganglionares/fisiologia , Gatos , Estimulação Elétrica , Lateralidade Funcional , Vias Neurais/anatomia & histologia , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Medula Espinal/anatomia & histologia , Sistema Vasomotor/anatomia & histologiaAssuntos
Inibição Neural , Neurônios/fisiologia , Córtex Somatossensorial/fisiologia , Animais , Gatos , Limiar Diferencial , Potenciais Evocados , Pé/inervação , Lateralidade Funcional , Cabelo , Tempo de Reação , Pele/inervação , Córtex Somatossensorial/citologia , Estatística como Assunto , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
For many purposes, biologists must study large brains through groups of similar neurons, since these populations - not individual cells - are the smallest units for which exact counterparts can be recognized unequivocally across a series of brains. One who surveys singel neurons, by whatever techniques, may discern major aspects of a tissue's organization by classifying the elements studied, thereby performing an exercise in taxonomy at the cellular level. The discovery of neuronal types is best achieved by imitating the naturalist who seeks new biological species: a large sample of cells is gathered by a regular, widely effective method, and an effort is made to understand the biases in the sampling procedure; a numerous and diverse set of features is observed for each neuron encountered; and the cell sets recognized are described in agreement with the polythetic concept of natural groups. The resulting multidimensional population descriptions, the most useful of which include the temporal information available through electrophysiologic recording, may be quite powerful for testing circuit hypotheses about the large nervous system.