Wogonin induces apoptosis in macrophages by exhibiting cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.

Macrophages play an important role in defending the body against invading pathogens. In the face of pathogens, macrophages become activated and release toxic materials that disrupt the pathogens. Macrophage overactivation can lead to severe illness and inflammation. Wogonin has several therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. No studies have investigated the cytotoxic effects of wogonin at concentrations of more than 0.1 mM in RAW264.7 cells. In this study, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with wogonin, which, at concentrations of more than 0.1 mM, had cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in the RAW264.7 cells, leading to apoptosis and necrosis. Further, wogonin at concentrations of more than 0.1 mM induced caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activation and mitochondrial dysfunction and death receptor expression. These results suggest that wogonin induces apoptosis through upstream intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by exhibiting cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.

Synergic effect of curcumin and its structural analogue (Monoacetylcurcumin) on anti-influenza virus infection.

Curcumin (Cur), a polyphenolic compound extracted from spice and common food colourant turmeric, contains versatile bio-activities. Monoacetylcurcumin (MAC), a structural analogue of Cur, differs from Cur by acetyl modification, but retains enone groups. Comparative analysis revealed MAC effectively inhibited influenza virus infection (IAV) to a similar extent as, if not superior to, curcumin. Both compounds mildly reduced viral NA activity. Surprisingly, unlike Cur, the MAC inhibition of IAV did not occur through the blocking of HA activity. However, MAC strongly dampened Akt phosphorylation, the prerequisite signalling for efficient IAV propagation. A much stronger inhibition effect on IAV infection was observed when MAC treatment was in combination with Cur. Collectively, MAC demonstrated clear antiviral activity, and likely inhibited IAV via multiple mechanisms that were not identical to Cur. Importantly, Cur and MAC in combination synergistically inhibited IAV infection.

Relative content of gallic acid over 5-galloylquinic acid as an index for the baking intensity of oolong teas.

Phenolic compounds in a series of old oolong teas prepared by baking annually were monitored and compared. The results showed that the relative content of gallic acid over 5-galloylquinic acid was subsequently elevated during this preparatory process. To reveal the effect was mainly resulted from baking or aging, two sets of oolong teas were collected and examined; one set was generated from fresh oolong tea via continually daily baking and the other set was composed of aged oolong teas with no or light baking in the storage period. The relative content of gallic acid over 5-galloylquinic acid was observed to be subsequently elevated when oolong tea was continually baked at 90, 100, 110, and 120 °C for 8 h day after day. In contrast, the relative contents of gallic acid over 5-galloylquinic acid in aged oolong teas with no or light baking were found to be similar to or slightly higher than that in fresh oolong tea. The results suggest that the relative content of gallic acid over 5-galloylquinic acid seems to be a suitable index for the baking intensity of oolong tea in different preparations.

Effect of teapot materials on the chemical composition of oolong tea infusions.

BACKGROUND: The flavor and quality of tea are widely believed to be associated with the pot in which the tea is made. However, this claim is mostly by experiences and lacks solid support from scientific evidence. The current study investigated and compared the chemical compositions of oolong tea made with six different teapot materials, namely Zisha, Zhuni, stainless steel, ceramic, glass and plastic. RESULTS: For each tea sample, polyphenols and caffeine were examined by HPLC-UV, volatile compounds by GC/MS, amino acids by LC/MS and minerals by ICP-MS. The results suggested that tea infusions from Zisha and Zhuni pots contain higher levels of EGC, EGCG and total catechins and less caffeine than those from ceramic, glass and plastic pots and tend to have the lowest total mineral contents, potassium and volatile compounds in tea soup. The statistical differences were not all significant among Zisha, Zhuni and stainless steel pots. CONCLUSION: Based on the overall chemical composition of the tea infusion, Yixing clay pots (Zisha and Zhuni) produce tea infusions that are presumably less bitter and more fragrant and tend to contain more healthful compounds than tea infusions from other pots. The results could partially explain why Yixing clay pots are among the most popular teapots. The beneficial effects of long-term repeated use of these teapots warrants further study. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Novel identification of biofluids using a multiplex methylation sensitive restriction enzyme-PCR system.

The identification of a specific body fluid encountered in a forensic investigation can give crucial information. This identification can be aided by methylation profiles based on selected markers specific to a range of biofluids. In this study, the open database of Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip was searched for markers specific for semen, vaginal fluids, saliva, venous blood and menstrual blood. A total of 8 biofluid-specific methylated markers and 2 control markers were combined into a 10-plex methylation sensitive restriction enzyme-PCR (MSRE-PCR) system. Based upon the analysis of 100 DNA samples from these 5 biofluid types, unambiguous results were obtained to identify the body fluid from which it originated. Validation studies of the developed 10-plex MSRE-PCR included sensitivity, reproducibility and mixed body fluids. Co-amplification of the established MSRE-PCR system and the microsatellite loci in AmpFlSTR® MiniFiler™ PCR Amplification Kit was performed to generate both the methylation profile for biofluid type and the miniSTR profile. This allowed human identification and the identification of the body fluid type to be performed in a single reaction. The results of this study displayed the applicability of this 10-plex MSRE-PCR system in forensic science.

Novel identification of biofluids using a multiplex methylation-specific PCR combined with single-base extension system.

PURPOSE: Knowledge of the composition of complex body fluid mixtures may aid forensic investigations greatly. However, many of the traditional tests are presumptive in nature and can lead to ambiguous results. The aim of this study is to establish a reliable method to identify various biofluids via analysis of their DNA methylation profiles. METHODS: A total of eight biofluid-specific methylated markers for saliva, venous blood, vaginal fluids, and semen were isolated from the open database of Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. These biofluid-specific markers, a control marker to confirm bisulfite conversion, and a gender marker, were combined into a 10-plex methylation-specific PCR single-base-extension (MSP-SBE) system. RESULTS: Analysis of 65 DNA samples isolated from venous blood, semen, vaginal fluid, saliva, and menstrual blood that had been treated with bisulfite, resulted in all eight markers detecting the body fluid to which they were designed. Unambiguous body fluid identification occurred from both single sources of body fluids and complex mixtures. A threshold was devised for each marker to minimize the chance of a false inclusion. The efficacy of the assay and application to forensic practice was demonstrated using five non-probative samples from real alleged sexual assault cases. The system unambiguously determined the biofluid types for the non-probative forensic samples that previously resulted in inconclusive or conflicting results using traditional tests. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated the 10-plex MSP-SBE system established in this study is both sensitive and specific when applied to body fluid identification and can be readily adopted into forensic practice.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activating hypoglycemic effect of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis aqueous extract and improvement of insulin sensitivity in steroid induced insulin resistant rats.

BACKGROUND: The active components of Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, GJ) exhibit a hypoglycemic effect by improving insulin secretion and lowering plasma lipids. In the present study, we fed a water extract of gardenia to steroid-induced insulin-resistant (SIIR) rats and observed changes in signaling proteins in order to elucidate the mechanisms of the insulin-sensitizing effect of GJ and evaluate its possibility as an insulin-sensitizing agent. METHODS: Normal Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group (i.e., saline) and experimental groups (GJ 100 and 200 mg/kg). Blood samples were taken at 0, 30, and 60 min for plasma glucose assay in order to determine the optimal dose to induce the hypoglycemic effect. SIIR rats were then randomly divided into a control group (i.e., saline) and an experimental group (optimal dose of gardenia extract) to observe the insulin-sensitizing effect of the extract. Finally, western blot analysis was performed to detect intracellular signaling proteins to elucidate the mechanisms of the insulin-sensitization effect of GJ. RESULTS: The normal Wistar rats in the GJ 200 mg/kg group exhibited significant hypoglycemic activity. Meanwhile, the SIIR rats had higher plasma glucose levels than normal rats. There was no obvious change in insulin level, but the insulin sensitivity index and homeostasis model assessment index were significantly elevated. Meanwhile, a significant hypoglycemic effect was observed with GJ 200 mg/kg. In addition, intracellular signaling proteins including insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) were elevated in muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal dose of GJ aqueous extract of 200 mg/kg exerts a PPARγ-activating hypoglycemic effect and improves insulin resistance in SIIR rats. Therefore, it is a potential insulin-sensitizing agent in type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin resistance.

High-level expression, purification and production of the fungal immunomodulatory protein-gts in baculovirus-infected insect larva.

Fip-gts, a fungal immunomodulatory protein (Fip) isolated from Ganoderma tsugae (gts), has been reported to possess therapeutic effects in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune disease. To cost-effectively produce Fip-gts and bypass the bottleneck involved in its time-consuming purification from G. tsugae, in this study, we incorporated the SP(bbx) secretion signal into recombinant baculovirus for expressing glycosylated and bioactive rFip-gts in baculovirus-infected insect cells and Trichoplusia ni larva. This is the first study to employ the aerosol infecting T. ni larva with recombinant baculovirus for economical and high-level production of foreign proteins. In this study, one purification could yield 10 mg of rFip-gts protein merely from ∼100 infected T. ni larvae by aerosol inoculation, corresponding to 5 L (5 × 109 cells) of the infected Sf21 culture. In addition, the rFip-gts purified from T. ni larvae could induce the expression of interleukin-2 in murine splenocytes with an immunoresponsive level similar to that induced by LZ-8 (a known potent immunomodulatory protein purified from Ling zhi, Ganoderma lucidum). Thus, our results demonstrated that the larva-based baculovirus expression system can successfully express rFip-gts with the assembling capability required for maintaining immunomodulatory and anticancer activity. Our approach will open a new avenue for the production of rFip-gts and facilitate the immunoregulatory activity of rFip-gts available in the future.

Structural determination and DPPH radical-scavenging activity of two acylated flavonoid tetraglycosides in oolong tea (Camellia sinensis).

Two major acylated flavonoid tetraglycosides were isolated from the methanol extract of oolong tea. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as quercetin 3-O-[2(G)-(E)-coumaroyl-3(G)-O-beta-D-glucosyl-3(R)-O-beta-D-glucosylrutinoside] (1) and kaempferol 3-O-[2(G)-(E)-coumaroyl-3(G)-O-beta-D-glucosyl-3(R)-O-beta-D-glucosylrutinoside] (2). Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited scavenging activity against DPPH radical with EC(50) values of 30.5 and 487.2 microM, respectively.