Statins and Alkylphospholipids as New Anticancer Agents Targeting Lipid Metabolism.

The partial efficacy and high toxicity of the current anticancer chemotherapeutics as well as the development of multiple drug resistance are the major problems in cancer therapy. Therefore, there is an emergency need for the development of novel well-tolerated anticancer agents with different mode of action that could be successfully used in combination with other drugs as an adjuvant therapy. The inhibition of intracellular signaling pathways associated with cancer growth and invasiveness is a main therapeutic approach in cancer treatment. It is well known that lipid metabolism is involved in the regulation of key cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Statins and alkylphospholipids are both relatively new synthetic agents with considerable anticancer properties that disturb lipid metabolism and subsequently modulate proliferation and cell survival signaling pathways, leading to apoptosis. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown promising results for the use of statins and alkylphospholipids as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of various human malignancies. However, more investigations and clinical trials are needed to assess their optimal safe dose and maximal efficacy and better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of these drugs.

Multiple effects of electroporation on the adhesive behaviour of breast cancer cells and fibroblasts.

BACKGROUND: Recently electroporation using biphasic pulses was successfully applied in clinical developments for treating tumours in humans and animals. We evaluated the effects of electrical treatment on cell adhesion behaviour of breast cancer cells and fibroblasts. By applying bipolar electrical pulses we studied short- and long-lived effects on cell adhesion and survival, actin cytoskeleton and cell adhesion contacts in adherent cancer cells and fibroblasts. METHODS: Two cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and one fibroblast cell line 3T3 were used. Cells were exposed to high field intensity (200 - 1000 V/cm). Cell adhesion and survival after electrical exposure were studied by crystal violet assay and MTS assay. Cytoskeleton rearrangement and cell adhesion contacts were visualized by actin staining and fluorescent microscope. RESULTS: The degree of electropermeabilization of the adherent cells elevated steadily with the increasing of the field intensity. Adhesion behaviour of fibroblasts and MCF-7 was not significantly affected by electrotreatment. Interestingly, treating the loosely adhesive cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 with 200 V/cm and 500 V/cm resulted in increased cell adhesion. Cell replication of both studied cancer cell lines was disturbed after electropermeabilization. Electroporation influenced the actin cytoskeleton in cancer cells and fibroblasts in different ways. Since it disturbed temporarily the actin cytoskeleton in 3T3 cells, in cancer cells treated with lower and middle field intensity actin cytoskeleton was well presented in stress fibers, filopodia and lamellipodia. The electrotreatment for cancer cells provoked preferentially cell-cell adhesion contacts for MCF-7 and cell-ECM contacts for MDA-MB- 231. CONCLUSIONS: Cell adhesion and survival as well as the type of cell adhesion (cell-ECM or cell-cell adhesion) induced by the electroporation process is cell specific. The application of suitable electric pulses can provoke changes in the cytoskeleton organization and cell adhesiveness, which could contribute to the restriction of tumour invasion and thus leads to the amplification of anti-tumour effect of electroporation-based tumour therapy.