MODERN ASPECTS IN DIAGNOSIS OF TONGUE`S PARAFUNCTIONS (LITERATURE REWIEV).

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To analyze modern research methods that allow to determine the features of the position of the tongue during the functions of swallowing and speech. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: An analysis of 37 literature sources, which contains information about the methods of examination of patients with dento-maxillar anomalies. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The functions of the tongue (swallowing and speaking) are very complex and coordinated movements that require the activation of many anatomical structures. Therefore, the disorders of the tongue during swallowing and speech are still considered by scientists as the most difficult in terms of correction and achieving of the long-term and stable results of orthodontic treatment. The study of modern trends in the diagnosis of the state of language functions in terms of understanding the functioning of the dental-maxillary area as a masticatory organ, the work and condition of the components of which depend on many systems of the human body, is relevant. Thus, the emergence of new and modifications of existing research methods undoubtedly expand the capabilities of modern orthodontists. However, this does not reduce the importance of the clinical stage of examination of patients with disorders of the maxillofacial area, including the functions of the tongue. Therefore, it is necessary to know and understand the advantages and disadvantages of modern and existing research technologies, which will allow to choose a communicatively integrated and differentiated approach to diagnostic issues in each clinical case.

Ongoing activity of Toscana virus genotype A and West Nile virus lineage 1 strains in Turkey: a clinical and field survey.

Toscana virus (TOSV), West Nile virus (WNV) and tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV) are among major viral pathogens causing febrile disease and meningitis/encephalitis. The impact of these viruses was investigated at a referral centre in Ankara Province, Central Anatolia in 2012, where previous reports suggested virus circulation but with scarce information on clinical cases and vector activity. Serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid samples from 94 individuals were evaluated, in addition to field-collected arthropod specimens that included 767 sandflies and 239 mosquitoes. Viral nucleic acids in clinical samples and arthropods were sought via specific and generic nested/real-time PCRs, and antibody responses in clinical samples were investigated via commercial indirect immunofluorescence tests (IIFTs) and virus neutralization. A WNV antigen assay was also employed for mosquitoes. WNV neuroinvasive disease has been identified in a 63-year-old male via RNA detection, and the WNV strain was characterized as lineage 1. TOSV infections were diagnosed in six individuals (6.3%) via RNA or IgM detection. Partial sequences in a 23-year-old female, presented with fever and transient pancytopenia, were characterized as TOSV genotype A. Febrile disease with arthralgia and/or peripheral cranial nerve involvement was noted in cases with TOSV infections. Previous WNV and TOSV exposures have been observed in 5.3% and 2.1% of the subjects, respectively. No confirmed TBEV exposure could be identified. Morphological identification of the field-collected mosquitoes revealed Culex pipiens sensu lato (74.4%), Anopheles maculipennis (20.9%), An. claviger (2.1%) and others. Sandfly species were determined as Phlebotomus papatasi (36.2%), P. halepensis (27.3%), P. major s. l. (19.3%), P. sergenti (8.9%), P. perfiliewi (4.4%), P. simici (2.6%) and others. Viral infections in arthropods could not be demonstrated. TOSV genotype A and WNV lineage 1 activity have been demonstrated as well as serologically proven exposure in patients. Presence of sandfly and mosquito species capable of virus transmission has also been revealed.

Toscana virus (TOSV) exposure is confirmed in blood donors from Central, North and South/Southeast Anatolia, Turkey.

Toscana virus (TOSV), a sandfly fever virus serotype of medical and public health importance, is a major pathogen involved in aseptic meningtis occurring in Mediterranean countries and poses a threat to the residents as well as travellers. Limited data on TOSV activity are present from Turkey despite being located in the endemic zone. We aimed to identify TOSV exposure in 1115 healthy blood donors at the Hacettepe University Hospital Blood Bank in Ankara, Turkey, using commercial indirect fluorescence assays (IFAs) and virus neutralization test (VNT) for antibody detection and specificity confirmation. A total of 199 samples (17.8%) were positive for anti-TOSV that include IgG reactivity in 10.4%, IgM reactivity in 8.2% and IgM + IgG reactivity in 0.7% of the sera. Anti-TOSV specificity could be confirmed via VNT in 56% of the IgG- and 43.6% of the IgM-positive sera, making up a total of 58 samples (5.2%). Risk factors associated with TOSV IgG reactivity were male gender, residing in rural areas, frequent sighting of mosquitoes/sandflies and working outdoors. TOSV-specific antibody prevalence increased significantly with age. Evidence of exposure to other sandfly fever viruses was noted. These data reveal that mild or asymptomatic infections with TOSV are frequent in central and northern Anatolia. TOSV exposure has also been identified in residents of 9 provinces in southern/southeastern Anatolia for the first time.

Sandfly fever virus activity in central/northern Anatolia, Turkey: first report of Toscana virus infections.

Sandfly fever viruses (SFVs) cause febrile diseases as well as aseptic meningitis/encephalitis and include serotypes sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV), sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV) and Toscana virus (TOSV). Infections are endemic in the Mediterranean basin and data on SFV activity in Turkey are limited. In this study, sera from 1533 blood donors from the Ankara, Konya, Eskisehir and Zonguldak provinces of Turkey were evaluated for SFV exposure by indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) and confirmed by virus neutralization test (VNT). One hundred and two patients with central nervous system (CNS) infections of unknown aetiology were also tested via IIFT and real-time reverse-transcription PCR for SFV/TOSV. Rate of overall IgG reactivity in IIFT was 32.9% (505/1533) among blood donors. TOSV exposure was confirmed by VNT in all study regions. Exposure to the recently-identified serotype sandfly fever Turkish virus, as evaluated by VNT, was revealed in Konya and Ankara. SFNV exposure was identified in Konya and SFSV was observed to be present in all regions except Zonguldak. TOSV RNA was detected in 15.7% (16/102) and was accompanied by TOSV IgM in 25% (4/16) of the patients. Partial L and S sequences suggested that TOSV circulating in Turkey can be grouped into TOSV genotype A strains. Exposure to TOSV and other SFV serotypes was revealed in blood donors and CNS infections by TOSV were identified for the first time in Turkey. Infections are observed to be endemic in central Anatolia and should be considered as aetiologic agents in cases/outbreaks of fever and meningoencephalitis.

Confirmed exposure to tick-borne encephalitis virus and probable human cases of tick-borne encephalitis in Central/Northern Anatolia, Turkey.

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the aetiological agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a potentially fatal central nervous system infection of humans. TBE is endemic in many areas of Europe and Asia; however, very scarce data on TBEV activity are available from Turkey. We aimed to identify TBEV exposure in healthy blood donors and the impact of TBEV in central nervous system infections in Central/Northern Anatolia. Two-thousand four hundred and fifty four sera, collected from blood donors at Ankara, Konya, Eskisehir and Zonguldak branches of the Turkish Red Crescent Middle Anatolia Regional Blood Center, were analysed for TBEV serosurveillance. Paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 108 patients with the diagnosis of aseptic meningitis/encephalitis of unknown aetiology were also evaluated to identify TBE and neuroborreliosis cases. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and indirect immunofluorescence tests were employed for antibody detection. Forty-seven donor samples (1.9%) were reactive for TBEV IgG. In 25 persons with IgG reactivity (53.1%), risk factors for tick-borne infections were revealed. One sample from Zonguldak province (1/198; 0.5%) in the Black Sea region of Turkey was confirmed to possess neutralizing antibodies via plaque reduction neutralization test. TBEV IgM was detected in 9.2% (8/108) of the patients. IgM was accompanied by IgG reactivity in two persons where, in one, recent history of a tick bite was also identified. Intrathecal antibody production for TBEV could not be demonstrated. No evidence for Borrelia infections could be found. Confirmed exposure to TBEV and/or an antigenically similar tick-borne flavivirus is documented for the first time in blood donors in Zonguldak in Northern Anatolia. Probable cases of TBE have also been identified from Central Anatolia. The epidemiology of TBEV activity in Turkey needs to be assessed and benefits of vaccination for general population, risk groups or travellers must be considered.

Evaluation of 120 mycobacterial strains isolated from clinical specimens to the species level by polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme analysis.

In this study, a total of 120 mycobacterial strains isolated from clinical specimens in Hacettepe University Hospital Clinical Pathology Laboratories were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme analysis (PRA), which analyses the common mycobacterial heat shock protein gene (hsp65). 95 of 120 strains (79.1%) were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 25 (20.8%) were identified as non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). M. gordonae I and IV were the most common NTM species (3.3% each) followed by M. chelonae (2.5%). Other NTM species isolated were M. gordonae III, M. avium, M. peregrinum (1.6%), M. fortuitum, M. flavescens, M. malmoense and M. mucogenicum (0.8%). Four isolates had PRA patterns that did not match any patterns previously described. The patients who had NTM had underlying diseases; the most frequent clinical diagnosis among these was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic renal failure. AIDS and pulmonary carcinoma were the other underlying diseases detected.

Anti-Kp 90 IgA antibodies in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Accurate diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB) has been difficult historically, yet a great demand persists for a rapid and reliable diagnostic method. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis anti-Kp 90 IgA antibodies is one of the more novel techniques. STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic value of a recently developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, which detects IgA antibodies against M tuberculosis Kp 90 antigen, and to compare the results with conventional diagnosis and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. PARTICIPANTS: Serum, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-blood, and body fluid samples were obtained from 51 patients with active TB and 71 control subjects. The clinical diagnosis of TB was supported by a positive culture (n = 6), detection of acid-fast bacilli on smear (n = 35), or both (n = 10). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: IgA antibodies were detected in sera and/or body fluid samples from 82% of patients with TB and 10% of controls. M tuberculosis DNA was detected in body fluid sample of 96% and blood sample of 49% of patients with TB by PCR. None of the blood and 5.6% of the body fluid specimens from controls were PCR-positive. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-Kp 90 IgA antibodies were detected using ELISA in 78% of serum and 69% of body fluids from patients with TB, therefore, this test is promising for the diagnosis of active TB and appears to be more reliable, particularly for body fluid samples.

Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in an Asymptomatic Turkish population.

OBJECTIVES: Helicobacter pylori infection is recognized as being strongly associated with chronic gastritis, duodenal ulceration and probably gastric carcinoma. Seroepidemiological studies have shown that a large proportion of healthy people have antibodies against H. pylori. A serological study was conducted in an asymptomatic Turkish population to investigate the seropositivity rate of H. pylori and to detect the relationship with age. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 657 serum samples collected from 331 male and 326 female people in different age groups who had no gastrointestinal complaints were studied by a commercial ELISA test for the presence of H. pylori-IgG antibodies. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty-eight subjects (53%) were seropositive. The overall seropositivity rates did not differ with sex. Antibody prevalence increased progressively with age. The seropositivity rates were as follows: 17.4% < 1 year old; 15.5% aged 1-4; 30.6% aged 5-9; 47.3% aged 10-14; 58.4% aged 15-19; 62.6% aged 20-29; 67.6% aged 30-39; 81.3% aged 40-49; and 66.3% over 50 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that more than 30% of the subjects acquired infection before teenage and that about 70% of adults had antibodies against H. pylori in our population. The high prevalence and early acquisition of H. pylori infection may be related in part to socioeconomic status and traditional living conditions in Turkey.

Failure of acyclovir sodium therapy in herpes simplex encephalitis.

Herpes simplex encephalitis is an important disease characterized by focal haemorrhagic necrosis of the temporal and frontal lobes of the brain. The mortality rate may be as high as 70% of untreated cases. Isolation of the virus from brain tissue is the most reliable means of diagnosis. Although some non-invasive diagnostic modalities have been investigated, none is as reliable as brain tissue sampling. Despite acceptance that acyclovir sodium is the most effective drug for treatment, there is not a consensus on the dosage and duration of the antiviral therapy because some patients fail to respond and sometimes there is recurrence following therapy. We report a case of encephalitis in a previously normal host who died after a 13-day course of acyclovir therapy with isolation of HSV-type 1 from the brain post mortem.

[Antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate used as a tissue adhesive]. / Bir doku yapistiricisi olan N-bütil-2-siyanoakrilat'in antibakteriyel ve sitotoksik özelliklerinin arastirilmasi.

In this study, the antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of a synthetic tissue adhesive called n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) which provide rapid healing in incision in oral surgical procedures were investigated. The antibacterial effects of Histoacryl were tested by using standard reference strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mitis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus grown in Mueller-Hinton media (sheep blood supplemented Mueller-Hinton for streptococcus strains) by diffusion technique. The cytotoxic effects were also researched on continuous Vero and primary gingival fibroblast cell cultures by using agar overlay method. In these methods, the inhibition zones produced by Histoacryl were evaluated. As a result, Histoacryl was found to have antibacterial effect on the tested bacteria and produce cytotoxic and cytopathic effects on the tested cell cultures.

[Antinuclear antibodies and disease specificity]. / Antinükleer antikorlar ve hastaliklarla iliskileri.

In this review article, the serum antinuclear autoantibody types which are characteristic especially for rheumatic diseases (ANAs, Anti-ss/ds DNA, Anti-sm, Anti-histone, Anti-RNP, Anti-Ro, Anti-La etc.) were discussed on the basis of their biologic properties, their major role in the diagnosis and monitoring disease activity and response to therapy as well as disease specificity.

[Detection of BK virus activation in renal and bone marrow transplantation patients using serological and virological methods]. / Böbrek ve kemik iligi transplantasyonu yapilan hastalarda BK virus aktivasyonun serolojik ve virolojik yönden arastirilmasi.

In this study, 10 renal and bone marrow transplant recipients' sera samples taken before and after transplantation and urine samples taken after transplantation were investigated for evidence of reactivation of BK virus, a human polyoma virus. BK virus reactivation was detected in 4 transplant patients serologically by hemagglutination inhibition, ELISA-IgG and ELISA-IgM tests. However we did not succeed to isolate BK virus in Vero cell lines from any urine samples. Only one patient's urine sediment whom serologic reactivation was detected, contained uroepithelial cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies characteristic for BK virus when examined by Giemsa staining.

The role of viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in lower respiratory tract infections in childhood.

Acute lower respiratory tract infections are one of the major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study was undertaken at Hacettepe University Children's Hospital to determine the role of viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory tract infections in children. Eighty-three patients with lower respiratory tract infections were selected at random from among the children admitted to the hospital for evaluation of respiratory symptoms. Acute and convalescent serum samples were collected from all patients for the complement-fixation test and the following antigens were used: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, parainfluenza virus Type 1, influenza viruses A and B, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The test was positive in 39 of 83 patients (47%), and RSV was the most frequent agent detected serologically (15.7%).

[New human polyomavirus: comparison of hemagglutination inhibition, ELISA and complement fixation tests for BK virus serology]. / Yeni insan polyoma virusu: BK virus serolojisinde hemaglütinasyon onlenim, ELISA ve kompleman birlesmesi testlerinin karsilastirilmasi.

In this study, 110 sera samples taken from healthy persons were tested for BK virus antibodies by using hemagglutination inhibition (HI), ELISA and complement fixation (CF) tests to detect the sensitivity, specificity and agreement of these tests. The results of each individual test was compared with others for sensitivity and specificity. Specificity found to be 96% when HI and CF tests were compared. Sensitivity also found to be 92.7% when CF and ELISA tests were compared. Agreement of HI and ELISA tests were 88%.

[New human polyomavirus; BK virus antibody levels in different age groups using the hemagglutination inhibition test]. / Degisik yas gruplarinda yeni insan polyoma virusu; BK virus hemaglütinasyon önlenim antikor düzeyleri.

In this study, 1123 human sera samples obtained from healthy persons belonging to various age groups were tested in order to detect the distribution of antibody levels against the new human polyomavirus, BK. All sera samples were tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and 881 (78.5%) of those were found to be positive and 242 (21.5%) were negative. The percentage of positivity was 65.3% between the ages of 1 to 5 years, and over 80% in the group aged 6 years or older. Furthermore, between 1 to 10 years of ages HI antibody titers were higher than the older age groups. Our results indicate that antibody to BK virus infections are remarkably frequent in our population and acquisition of BK virus appeared to be common in childhood.

[Frequency of adenovirus group complement-specific antibodies in children]. / Cocuklarda adenovirus grup kompleman birlesmesi antikor dagilimi.

Two hundred and six serum samples collected from children in Hacettepe University and Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine Hospitals, aged between 0-15 were tested for the presence of Adenovirus group specific antibodies by complement fixation test. The frequency of Adenovirus group specific complement fixation antibodies were found to be 4.85%. Most of positive sera were detected in 0-2 age group.

[Herpes simplex type I virus observed in the superior cervical ganglion from human cadavers and autopsy materials]. / Insan kadavra ve otopsi materyallerinden elde edilen ganglion cervicale superius'larda herpes simplex tip I virusunun arastirilmasi.

Herpes Simplex Type I (HSV I) causes some infections such as herpes labialis, encephalitis, keratoconjunctivitis and also some cranial nerve syndromes such as acute vestibular neuritis, migraine and Meniere's disease in human. We used 4 fixated and 16 fresh cadavers to isolate HSV I virus from the Superior Cervical Ganglia. The ganglia materials are inoculated to PRK (primary rabbit kidney), VERO (African Green Monkey Kidney) and BHK 21 (Baby Hamster Kidney) cell lines in order to isolate the virus. We isolated HSV I virus from 12 fresh cadavers' cervical ganglia (75%) and neutralisation test is performed in order to characterize HSV I. But we could not isolate the virus from any of the fixated cadavers.

[Human B-lymphotropic virus (HBLV): human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6)]. / Insan b-lenfotropik virusu (HBLV): insan herpes virusu-6 (HHV-6).

Human B-lymphotropic virus (HBLV) is also known as human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) and was isolated from patients with various lymphoproliferative disorders. In this article the biological, immunological and molecular properties of a new human herpes virus-6 is reviewed. The association of the virus with chronical disorders is also discussed.

[New human papovaviruses: JC and BK]. / Yeni insan papovaviruslari: JC ve BK.

BK and JC viruses are human papovaviruses widespread in human population. Primary infection with those viruses are generally asymptomatic and reactivation occur upon immunodepression. JC virus found to be associated with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. In the other hand BK virus mostly reactivated after immunosuppression. Both viruses have oncogenic potential when inoculated subcutaneously or intracerebrally to experimental animals. However, there is no direct relation has been shown yet for association of those new human papovaviruses with human malignancies.