HMGA1 Is a Potential Driver of Preeclampsia Pathogenesis by Interference with Extravillous Trophoblasts Invasion.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious disease that can be fatal for the mother and fetus. The two-stage theory has been proposed as its cause, with the first stage comprising poor placentation associated with the failure of fertilized egg implantation. Successful implantation and placentation require maternal immunotolerance of the fertilized egg as a semi-allograft and appropriate extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion of the decidua and myometrium. The disturbance of EVT invasion during implantation in PE results in impaired spiral artery remodeling. PE is thought to be caused by hypoxia during remodeling failure-derived poor placentation, which results in chronic inflammation. High-mobility group protein A (HMGA) is involved in the growth and invasion of cancer cells and likely in the growth and invasion of trophoblasts. Its mechanism of action is associated with immunotolerance. Thus, HMGA is thought to play a pivotal role in successful pregnancy, and its dysfunction may be related to the pathogenesis of PE. The evaluation of HMGA function and its changes in PE might confirm that it is a reliable biomarker of PE and provide prospects for PE treatment through the induction of EVT proliferation and invasion during the implantation.

Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia: The Role of Exosomes.

The pathogenesis of preeclampsia begins when a fertilized egg infiltrates the decidua, resulting in implantation failure (e.g., due to extravillous trophoblast infiltration disturbance and abnormal spiral artery remodeling). Thereafter, large amounts of serum factors (e.g., soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin) are released into the blood from the hypoplastic placenta, and preeclampsia characterized by multiorgan disorder caused by vascular disorders develops. Successful implantation and placentation require immune tolerance to the fertilized egg as a semi-allograft and the stimulation of extravillous trophoblast infiltration. Recently, exosomes with diameters of 50-100 nm have been recognized to be involved in cell-cell communication. Exosomes affect cell functions in autocrine and paracrine manners via their encapsulating microRNA/DNA and membrane-bound proteins. The microRNA profiles of blood exosomes have been demonstrated to be useful for the evaluation of preeclampsia pathophysiology and prediction of the disease. In addition, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have been found to have cancer-suppressing effects. These exosomes may repair the pathophysiology of preeclampsia through the suppression of extravillous trophoblast apoptosis and promotion of these cells' invasive ability. Exosomes secreted by various cells have received much recent attention and may be involved in the maintenance of pregnancy and pathogenesis of preeclampsia.

Incidence and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis in Pregnant Females, Ehime University Hospital.

OBJECTIVE: Mycoplasma hominis usually colonizes the lower urogenital tract and has been occasionally associated with pelvic inflammatory disease, postpartum fever, preterm labor in pregnant females. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of M. hominis isolated from the urogenital tracts of pregnant females. METHODS: Specimens were obtained from the urogenital tract of pregnant females at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ehime University Hospital, between November 2014 and December 2017. The identification of M. hominis was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics were measured using a broth microdilution assay. RESULTS: Of the 1074 specimens tested, 63 (5.9%) were positive for M. hominis. The M. hominis-positive rate was highest at 21.3% between 18 and 24 years old. The 21 (25.6%) of 82 patients with bacterial vaginosis were positive for M. hominis. The 17 (40.5%) of 42 patients delivered by cesarean section that occurred infections including of intrauterine infection and pelvic abscess were positive for M. hominis. They were all administered ß-lactam antibiotics before and after cesarean section. All patients recovered immediately following administration of clindamycin (CLDM). ß-lactam antibiotics, macrolides and fosfomycin (FOM) were all resistant against M. hominis strains. In contrast, M. hominis strains were susceptible to CLDM, minocycline (MINO) and quinolones. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that the prevalence of genital M. hominis in pregnant females is high at younger age, bacterial vaginosis and infections after cesarean section with ß-lactam antibiotics administration. CLDM, MINO and quinolones may be recommended against M. hominis infection. Especially, CLDM can be used as the adequate agent for pregnant females because tetracycline and quinolones are undesirable during pregnancy and lactation.

Assessment of laparoscopic training for gynecological malignancies using Thiel-embalmed human cadavers.

The introduction of laparoscopic surgery has also been beneficial for patients with gynecological malignancies. In this respect, surgeons should receive related training in the context of human resource development. Hands-on training was introduced using Thiel-embalmed human cadavers (THCs) in 2014. To determine the usefulness of THCs, they were evaluated in terms of tissue color, consistency and operative tactility, among others, compared with in vivo laparoscopic training for gynecological malignancies. Hands-on training sessions using THCs were held for a total of 11 times at Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine between March 2014 and October 2017. Training on THCs included advanced laparoscopic procedures for radical hysterectomy type III. At the end of each training session, data were collected using a standardized, anonymous questionnaire termed the Likert scale. THCs ensured flexibility and plasticity of tissues and organs; therefore, the working space was similar to that in the living body under pneumoperitoneum. After analyzing the quality and consistency of tissue and organ color compared with in vivo conditions, most of the participants agreed or strongly agreed regarding the uterus, adnexa and ureter, but not regarding the large blood vessels. The highest scores were observed in the authenticity of the anatomical condition of each organ. Most participants strongly agreed that training using THCs would help improve their laparoscopic skills with a high level of satisfaction. Furthermore, most participants reported that they would recommend this training to other obstetrician-gynecologists. Laparoscopic training for gynecological malignancies using THCs was comparable to the in vivo conditions in terms of surgical view and operative tactility. Therefore, THCs may be an excellent training tool for improving laparoscopic surgical skills for gynecological malignancies.

Extranuclear Translocation of High-Mobility Group A1 Reduces the Invasion of Extravillous Trophoblasts Involved in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia: New Aspect of High-Mobility Group A1.

OBJECTIVE: High-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) protein is known to express in trophoblast; however, the role of migration has not been reported to date. In this study, we investigated the role of HMGA1 on the pathogenesis of preeclampsia using immortalized human trophoblast cell (HTR-8/SVneo). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated HMGA1 expression in cytotrophoblasts derived from our preeclampsia model mouse, the CD40L mouse, using immunofluorescence. Wound healing and transwell migration assays were also performed using HTR-8/SVneo (extravillous trophoblast) cells transfected with DNA or siRNA of HMGA1. The effect of extranuclear translocation of HMGA1 on the migration of extravillous trophoblastic cells was evaluated using deoxycholic acid (DCA). RESULTS: HMGA1 was expressed exclusively in the nuclei of trophoblasts derived from control mice; cytoplasmic expression was observed only in CD40L mice with preeclampsia. Furthermore, overexpression of HMGA1 in the nuclei of HTR-8/SVneo cells stimulated cell proliferation and migration. Translocation of nuclear HMGA1 to cytoplasm treated with DCA reduced cell migration. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these findings demonstrate that proper subcellular localization of HMGA1 is important for its function in trophoblast cells, and suggest that aberrant cytoplasmic expression of HMGA1 contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia through impairment of trophoblast migration.

Clinical investigation of the safety and efficacy of a cervical intraepithelial neoplasia treatment using a hyperthermia device that uses heat induced by alternating magnetic fields.

Multiple techniques have been used for the conservative treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-CIN) in women of fertile age. Conization has been associated with stenosis of the cervix and a decrease in cervical mucus secretion, in addition to the increase in the risk of cervical canal shortening and problems during the perinatal period, including premature birth and premature rupture of membranes. Although the laser transpiration technique does not cause shortening of the cervical canal, it is associated with the recurrent risk of deep residual disease. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic safety and efficacy of the therapy performed using the transaction magnetic field induction heating device, AMTC400, in fertile patients with HG-CIN (excluding carcinoma in situ). Four premenopausal patients with CIN3 and high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV)-positive were treated using an AMTC400. Chronological colposcopic findings, high-risk HPV, final histological findings with conization and follow-up data were evaluated. All the treatments were successfully performed on the in-patients without anesthesia. Intra- and postoperative complications included minor pain and bleeding in all cases. Two of the cases (50%) were high-risk HPV-negative following the treatments. All cases exhibited a change in the observed color (to white), and subsequent epithelization following treatment. Although cytological analysis at 5 weeks following the treatment confirmed the cases were negative for intraepithelial lesions and malignancies, a definitive histology with conization 6 weeks following the treatment confirmed CIN1 and koilocytosis in all cases. The assessment of treatment effectiveness was determined as a moderate improvement in all cases. In conclusion, thermotherapy applied using AMTC400 represented a safe and effective treatment for HG-CIN in women of fertile age. However, additional improvements associated with the site of puncture needles are required. Further studies are required to confirm the long-term efficacy and reproductive outcomes.

Immune activation during the implantation phase causes preeclampsia-like symptoms via the CD40-CD40 ligand pathway in pregnant mice.

The CD40 ligand (CD40L) is expressed by T cells and has a critical role in immune system regulation. Interventions targeting CD40L interactions following embryo implantation represent an approach to preventing preeclampsia (PE). To better understand the role of CD40L in PE, we developed a PE mouse model in which we examined how CD40L-induced immune activation affects embryo implantation. Blastocysts were incubated with CD40L-expressing adenovirus and then were transferred into the uterine horns of pseudopregnant ICR mice. Histology, biochemistry and flow cytometry experiments were performed to examine the characteristics of the mouse model. In early pregnancy, decidualization and spiral artery remodeling were reduced in CD40L-transfected mice (CD40L mice) compared with control mice. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining revealed hemorrhaging and excess fibrin deposition at the labyrinth layer-junctional zone interface of the placenta, and PAS staining demonstrated prominent focal and segmental sclerosis with collapsed glomerular capillaries in the kidneys of the CD40L mice. Flow cytometry data showed that interferon-γ production derived from CD4(+) T cells was elevated in the splenic cells of CD40L mice. Blood pressure (measured by the tail-cuff method) and urine albumin concentrations were significantly increased in CD40L mice compared with control mice. Furthermore, the plasma concentrations of soluble Flt-1 and soluble endoglin were increased in CD40L mice, as occurs in human patients with PE. Thus, CD40L-induced T-helper cell type 1 differentiation during embryo implantation may have a critical role in the pathogenesis of a PE-like presentation in a novel mouse model of PE.

Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1α Plays a Crucial Role Based on Neuroprotective Role in Neonatal Brain Injury in Rats.

Owing to progress in perinatal medicine, the survival of preterm newborns has markedly increased. However, the incidence of cerebral palsy has risen in association with increased preterm birth. Cerebral palsy is largely caused by cerebral hypoxic ischemia (HI), for which there are no effective medical treatments. We evaluated the effects of stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) on neonatal brain damage in rats. Left common carotid (LCC) arteries of seven-day-old Wistar rat pups were ligated, and animals were exposed to hypoxic gas to cause cerebral HI. Behavioral tests revealed that the memory and spatial perception abilities were disturbed in HI animals, and that SDF-1α treatment improved these cognitive functions. Motor coordination was also impaired after HI but was unimproved by SDF-1α treatment. SDF-1α reduced intracranial inflammation and induced cerebral remyelination, as indicated by the immunohistochemistry results. These data suggest that SDF-1α specifically influences spatial perception abilities in neonatal HI encephalopathy.