Influence of CYP2C19 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and its active metabolite.

AIMS: This study reports the pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir, its active metabolite, M8, and active moiety (nelfinavir + M8) in volunteers genotyped for CYP2C19 as extensive metabolizer (*1*1; n = 38), heterozygous poor metabolizer (PM) (*1*2; n = 22) and homozygous PM (*2*2; n = 6). METHODS: Subjects received nelfinavir at normal dose (3.5 days of 1250 mg q12h) or high dose (1250 mg q12h for 3 days and single dose of 3125 mg on day 4). Steady-state plasma samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet assay to determine pharmacokinetics. RESULTS: At steady state, the mean C(max) was 42% [95% confidence interval (CI) 19, 69] and 63% (95% CI 20, 122) higher, and mean AUC was 51% (95% CI 24, 83) and 85% (95% CI 32, 159) higher for *1*2 and *2*2 compared with *1*1 subjects, respectively. For M8, the mean C(max) and AUC were 35% (95% CI 6, 55) and 33% (95% CI -3, 56), respectively, lower for *1*2 compared with *1*1 subjects. M8 was not detectable in *2*2 subjects. The mean C(max) and AUC values for the active moiety were higher by 30-35% for the *1*2 and *2*2 compared with *1*1 subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Mutation in CYP2C19 increased the systemic exposure of nelfinavir and reduced the exposure of M8. No significant differences were noted among the heterozygous (*1*2) and homozygous (*2*2) PMs. These changes are not considered to be clinically relevant and hence the use of nelfinavir does not require prior assessment of CYP2C19 genotype.

Effects of standard and supratherapeutic doses of nelfinavir on cardiac repolarization: a thorough QT study.

This was a randomized, 4-way crossover, third-party-blinded study in 68 healthy subjects to assess the effect of nelfinavir on QTc interval. Treatments included (A) nelfinavir 1250 mg every 12 hours on days 1-4, (B) nelfinavir 1250 mg every 12 hours on days 1-3 plus 3125 mg on day 4, (C) placebo, and (D) moxifloxacin 400 mg every 24 hours on days 1-4. Pharmacokinetics and triplicate 12-lead electrocardiograms were performed over 12 hours on days 1 and 4. Time-matched, placebo-subtracted, baseline-adjusted changes in QT intervals with Fridericia's (QTcF) correction were determined following nelfinavir and moxifloxacin administration. Neither dose of nelfinavir had a clinically relevant effect on the QTcF interval on day 4 (primary endpoint) and day 1 because at every time point the upper 90% confidence limit was below 10 milliseconds and, furthermore, the mean difference was below 5 milliseconds. Additionally, there was no clinically relevant effect on QTcB (Bazett's correction), uncorrected QT, or the RR interval on days 1 or 4. Pharmacokinetics confirmed adequate systemic exposure to nelfinavir and moxifloxacin. While nelfinavir exposure was higher in poor compared with extensive metabolizers of CYP2C19 isozyme, there were no corresponding significant differences in QTcF change from placebo. At clinically relevant, doses nelfinavir is unlikely to cause QTc prolongation.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the vasopeptidase inhibitor, omapatrilat in healthy subjects.

AIMS: To determine the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability of omapatrilat, a vasopeptidase inhibitor, in healthy subjects. METHODS: The effects of oral omapatrilat were evaluated in healthy men in two double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trials. In a single-dose study, subjects received omapatrilat in doses of 2.5, 7.5, 25, 50, 125, 250, or 500 mg. In a multiple-dose study, subjects received doses of 10, 25, 50, 75, or 125 mg daily for 10 days. RESULTS: In the multiple-dose study, peak plasma concentrations (Cmax = 10-895 ng ml(-1); tmax = 0.5-2 h) of omapatrilat were attained rapidly. Omapatrilat exhibited a long effective half-life (14-19 h), attaining steady state in 3-4 days. In the single-dose study, Cmax (1-1009 ng ml(-1)) and AUC(0,t) (0.4-1891 ng ml(-1) h) were linear but not dose proportional. In the multiple-dose study, based on weighted least-squares linear regression analyses vs dose, Cmax but not AUC(0,t) was linear at the lower doses on day 10. The lowest dose of omapatrilat (2.5 mg) almost completely inhibited (> 97%) serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity at 2 h after dosing. In the multiple dose study, angiotensin converting enzyme activity was inhibited by more than 80% 24 h after all doses of omapatrilat. Inhibition of neutral endopeptidase activity was shown by increases in the daily urinary excretion of atrial natriuretic peptide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate at doses of more than 7.5 and 25 mg, respectively. In the single dose study, omapatrilat increased the daily urinary excretion of atrial natriuretic peptide dose-dependently from 10.8 +/- 4.1 (+/- SD) ng 24 h(-1) in the placebo group to 60.0 +/- 18.2 ng 24 h(-1) in the 500 mg group. Omapatrilat did not affect sodium and potassium excretion or urinary volume. Compared with placebo, omapatrilat produced a decrease in mean arterial pressure at 3 h after all doses in both the single- and multiple-dose studies. CONCLUSIONS: Omapatrilat was generally well tolerated. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of omapatrilat are consistent with once-daily dosing.