Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (CSF1) predicts breast cancer progression and mortality.

BACKGROUND: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1), also known as colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF1), and its receptor CSF1R have been correlated with poor prognosis in many cancer types including breast cancer. Herein, we investigated the prognostic impact of CSF1 and CSF1R expression in tumor epithelial and stromal compartments in primary breast cancer and axillary lymph node metastases. In addition, the density of CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and CD3+ T-lymphocytes was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tumor tissue was obtained at the time of primary surgery from 68 prior treatment breast cancer patients, 38 with axillary lymph node metastases and 30 patients without metastases. Digital video analysis was performed on immunohistochemically stained slides. RESULTS: The expression of CSF1, CSF1R and the density of TAMs and CD3+ T-lymphocytes were then correlated to metastases and disease-specific mortality. Metastasized primary cancers had higher tumor epithelial and stromal expressions of CSF1 (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively) and CSF1R (both p=0.03) compared to non-metastatic cancers. Similar findings were made for the density of CD68+ (p=0.003) and CD3+ cells in the tumor epithelium (p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, a high tumor epithelial expression of CSF1 in primary breast cancer predicted mortality (hazard ratio (HR)=8.6, p=0.039). CONCLUSION: High expression of CSF1 and CSF1R and high density of TAMs and CD3+ T-lymphocytes were related to breast cancer progression. CSF1 expression in tumor epithelium predicted breast cancer mortality.

Immunohistochemical expression of epithelial and stromal immunomodulatory signalling molecules is a prognostic indicator in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The immune system has paradoxical roles during cancer development and the prognostic significance of immune modulating factors is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- beta), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and their prognostic significance in breast cancers. Ki67 was included as a measure of growth fraction of tumor cells. METHODS: On immunohistochemical stained slides from 38 breast cancer patients, we performed digital video analysis of tumor cell areas and adjacent tumor stromal areas from the primary tumors and their corresponding lymph node metastases. COX-2 was recorded as graded staining intensity. RESULTS: The expression of TGF-beta, IL-10 and Ki67 were recorded in tumor cell areas and adjacent tumor stromal areas. In both primary tumors and metastases, the expression of COX-2 was higher in the tumor stromal areas than in the tumor cell areas (both P < 0.001). High stromal staining intensity in the primary tumors was associated with a 3.9 (95% CI 1.1-14.2) times higher risk of death compared to the low staining group (P = 0.036). The expression of TGF-beta was highest in the tumor cell areas of both primary tumors and metastases (both P < 0.001). High stromal expression of TGF-beta was associated with increased mortality. For IL-10, the stromal expression was highest in the primary tumors (P < 0.001), whereas in the metastases the expression was highest in tumor cell areas (P < 0.001). High IL-10 expression in tumor- and stromal cell areas of primary tumors predicted mortality. Ki67 was higher expressed in tumor stromal areas of the metastases, and in tumor cell areas of the primary tumors (P < 0.001). Ki67 expression in tumor cell areas and stromal areas of the metastases was independently associated with breast cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Stromal expression of COX-2, TGF-beta and Ki67 may facilitate tumor progression in breast cancer.

COX-2 is overexpressed in primary prostate cancer with metastatic potential and may predict survival. A comparison study between COX-2, TGF-beta, IL-10 and Ki67.

BACKGROUND: The immune modulating molecules cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) have regulatory roles in cancer progression. There are conflicting data regarding the roles of these molecules in prostate cancer. To elucidate the prognostic impact of these proteins and provide information on prognosis and treatment, we compared the expression of COX-2, TGF-beta, and IL-10 in prostate cancer specimens with or without metastases. Ki67 was included as a measure of growth fraction of tumor cells. METHODS: Digital video analysis images from tumor cell areas and tumor stromal areas were analyzed on formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded and immunohistochemical stained cancer specimens from 59 patients: 32 patients with metastases and 27 patients without clinical, biochemical, or radiological evidence of metastases within 10 years after diagnosis. The expression of COX-2 was scored as negative, weak, moderate, or strong. The expressions of TGF-beta and IL-10 were assessed as proportions of moderately or strongly stained cells. Ki67 was detected as strong nuclear staining in proliferating cells. RESULTS: In primary cancers in the metastatic group, COX-2, TGF-beta and Ki67 were stronger expressed in epithelial tumor cell and tumor stromal areas compared with non-metastatic cancers (for all markers, p<0.0001). High intensity of COX-2 staining in tumor areas was strongly associated with death from prostate cancer in univariate analyses (hazard ratio [HR] 95% CI, 4.0 (1.1-14.5)). In multivariate analyses, the risk estimate was strengthened but did not reach significance. No associations to death were found for the other markers. CONCLUSION: High expression of COX-2, TGF-beta and Ki67 were in metastatic primary prostate carcinoma compared to non-metastatic cancers. High expression of COX-2 was associated to death from prostate carcinoma.

The ePHD protein SPBP interacts with TopBP1 and together they co-operate to stimulate Ets1-mediated transcription.

SPBP (Stromelysin-1 PDGF responsive element binding protein) is a ubiquitously expressed 220 kDa nuclear protein shown to enhance or repress the transcriptional activity of various transcription factors. A yeast two-hybrid screen, with the extended plant homeodomain (ePHD) of SPBP as bait, identified TopBP1 (topoisomerase II beta-binding protein 1) as a candidate interaction partner of SPBP. TopBP1 has eight BRCA1 carboxy-terminal (BRCT) domains and is involved in DNA replication, DNA damage responses and in the regulation of gene expression. The interaction between SPBP and TopBP1 was confirmed in vitro and in vivo, and was found to be mediated by the ePHD domain of SPBP and the BRCT6 domain of TopBP1. Both SPBP and TopBP1 enhanced the transcriptional activity of Ets1 on the c-myc P1P2- and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) promoters. Together they displayed a more than additive effect. Both proteins were associated with these promoters. The involvement of TopBP1 was dependent on the serine 1159 phosphorylation site, known to be important for transcriptional activation. Depletion of endogenous SPBP by siRNA treatment reduced MMP3 secretion by 50% in phorbol ester-stimulated human fibroblasts. Taken together, our results show that TopBP1 and SPBP interact physically and functionally to co-operate as co-activators of Ets1.