Lung ultrasound: A potential tool in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care units.

PURPOSE: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common healthcare-associated infection in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), increasing mortality, antibiotics use and duration of ventilation and hospitalization. VAP diagnosis is based on clinical and chest X-ray (CXR) signs defined by the 2018 Center for Disease Control (gold standard). However, CXR induces repetitive patients' irradiation and technical limitations. This study aimed to investigate if lung ultrasound (LUS) can substitute CXR in the VAP diagnosis. METHODS: A monocentric and prospective study was conducted in a French tertiary care hospital. Patients under 18-year-old admitted to PICU between November 2018 and July 2020 with invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h were included. The studied LUS signs were consolidations, dynamic air bronchogram, subpleural consolidations (SPC), B-lines, and pleural effusion. The diagnostic values of each sign associated with clinical signs (cCDC) were compared to the gold standard approach. LUS, chest X-ray, and clinical score were performed daily. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients were included. The median age was 8 [3-34] months. Nineteen (33%) children developed a VAP. In patients with VAP, B-Lines, and consolidations were highly frequent (100 and 68.8%) and, associated with cCDC, were highly sensitive (100 [79-100] % and 88 [62-98] %, respectively) and specific (95.5 [92-98] % and 98 [95-99] %, respectively). Other studied signs, including SPC, showed high specificity (>97%) but low sensibility (<50%). CONCLUSION: LUS seems to be a powerful tool for VAP diagnosis in children with a clinical suspicion, efficiently substituting CXR, and limiting children's exposure to ionizing radiations.

Sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices may induce chronic constrictive pericarditis in children.

Constrictive pericarditis is rare in children and can be difficult to diagnose. It has been described in adults after sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices but not in children. We report two cases of chronic constrictive pericarditis after sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices in children with portal cavernoma. Constrictive pericarditis should be considered as a cause of refractory ascites.