Community health workers' attitudes, practices and perceptions towards the COVID-19 pandemic in brazilian low-income communities.

BACKGROUND: Community Health Workers (CHW) are a category of social workers described in many countries' health systems as responsible for engaging people in their residences and communities, and other non-clinical spaces to enable access to health services, especially in low-income areas. These professionals have been exposed to numerous new risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: This study describes how the COVID-19 pandemic is perceived by CHWs who work in poor communities or slums in Brazil. METHODS: We conducted an online survey with a random sample of 775 CHWs operating in 368 municipalities of the 26 Brazilian states. At a confidence level of 95%, results of the survey were subject to a maximum sampling error of 4%. RESULTS: Our data indicate that the negationist agenda increases the challenges to the performance of CHWs within low-income communities, preventing the consensus on the necessity of social distancing, business closures and other measures to face the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: The pandemic imposes unexpected challenges on the usual modes of interaction of public health officers with poor communities. This study provides evidence that these challenges have been ignored or minimized in Brazilian policy prescriptions for primary care in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Social protection and people with disabilities in Brazil. / Proteção social e pessoa com deficiência no Brasil.

The article analyzes the social protection policy for people with disabilities in Brazil. It describes the patterns of demand and eligibility for Continued Benefit of Social Assistance (Benefício de Prestação Continuada - BPC) in the 1996-2014 period. The article argues that BPC is a direct result of the social pact achieved by the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988. BPC is a social assistance benefit consisting in an unconditional and monthly transference of the equivalent of a minimum wage, to poor people with deficiency and elders with more than 65 years. Disabled person eligibility depends on means-test, and social and medical evaluation by public bureaucracy. The research strategy was based on time series, and cross-sectional data collection and analysis. Dummy qualitative variables were also used to describe the pattern of demand and eligibility. The article demonstrates that BPC has provided income to disabled and elder people. However, systematic barriers were identified to disabled people's access to BPC. The work suggests that the pattern of refusal could be associated to a means testing application by street-level-bureaucracy. In this sense, the work draws attention to the necessary revision of street-level-bureaucracy tools and procedures to increase BPC positive discrimination.

Proteção social e pessoa com deficiência no Brasil / Social protection and people with disabilities in Brazil

Resumo O trabalho analisa a proteção social à pessoa com deficiência no Brasil. Descreve o padrão de demanda e elegibilidade do Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) no período 1996-2014. O artigo defende que o BPC é consequência direta do pacto social produzido pela Constituição Federal de 1988. O BPC é um benefício da Assistência Social em forma de transferência monetária no valor de um salário-mínimo para pessoas com deficiência e idosos com mais de 65 anos. A elegibilidade da pessoa deficiente depende de teste de meios e avaliação pela burocracia pública da condição social e médica. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizou a coleta e a análise de dados de séries de tempo e transversal. Variáveis qualitativas categóricas foram também usadas na descrição do padrão de demanda e elegibilidade. O artigo demonstra que o BPC é um importante mecanismo de garantia de renda básica à pessoa com deficiência e idosa. Entretanto, identifica barreiras sistemáticas de acesso à pessoa com deficiência. O trabalho argumenta que o padrão de indeferimento pode ser associado aos procedimentos de avaliação da burocracia das agências governamentais locais. O trabalho sugere que os instrumentos e os processos de avaliação possam ser revistos para ampliar a capacidade de inclusão no BPC.

Abstract The article analyzes the social protection policy for people with disabilities in Brazil. It describes the patterns of demand and eligibility for Continued Benefit of Social Assistance (Benefício de Prestação Continuada – BPC) in the 1996-2014 period. The article argues that BPC is a direct result of the social pact achieved by the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988. BPC is a social assistance benefit consisting in an unconditional and monthly transference of the equivalent of a minimum wage, to poor people with deficiency and elders with more than 65 years. Disabled person eligibility depends on means-test, and social and medical evaluation by public bureaucracy. The research strategy was based on time series, and cross-sectional data collection and analysis. Dummy qualitative variables were also used to describe the pattern of demand and eligibility. The article demonstrates that BPC has provided income to disabled and elder people. However, systematic barriers were identified to disabled people’s access to BPC. The work suggests that the pattern of refusal could be associated to a means testing application by street-level-bureaucracy. In this sense, the work draws attention to the necessary revision of street-level-bureaucracy tools and procedures to increase BPC positive discrimination.

Reforma psiquiátrica, federalismo e descentralização da saúde pública no Brasil / Psychiatric reform, federalism, and the decentralization of the public health in Brazil

O trabalho analisa as relações entre a reforma psiquiátrica brasileira, a adoção dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) e o desenvolvimento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) por meio do pacto federativo. A aderência dos governos municipais foi uma variável condicionante da disseminação da reforma, especialmente em função da dimensão continental e da fragmentação federativa do país. O trabalho demonstra uma trajetória de consistente estabilidade institucional da reforma psiquiátrica no Brasil ao longo de duas décadas. A institucionalidade do processo decisório no espaço público brasileiro ofereceu à agenda da reforma condições de implantação nos Municípios dos novos formatos organizacionais por meio da imitação, dos incentivos financeiros e pela bem sucedida defesa das vantagens sobre o modelo hospitalar e asilar dominante nas décadas passadas. As intervenções indutivas, reforçadas e acolhidas pela Lei 10.216/2001, transformaram a agenda da reforma psiquiátrica, limitada a cidades pioneiras, em uma política pública nacional.

This study examines the relationships between Brazilian psychiatric reform, the adoption of the Centers for Psychosocial Care (CAPS) and the development of the Unified Health System (SUS). The adherence of municipal governments was a variable determinant for the spread of reform, especially due to the continental scale and fragmentation of the Brazilian federation. The article demonstrates the institutional stability of psychiatric reform in Brazil over two decades. The institutional nature of the decision-making process in the public arena has permitted the implementation of new organizational formats through imitation and financial incentives. The psychiatric reform was successful in defending the advantages of CAPS in relation to the asylum and hospital model dominant in past decades. The inductive policies, strengthened and upheld by Law 10.216/2001, transformed the agenda of psychiatric reform, limited to pioneering cities in a national public policy.

[Psychiatric reform, federalism, and the decentralization of the public health in Brazil]. / Reforma psiquiátrica, federalismo e descentralização da saúde pública no Brasil.

This study examines the relationships between Brazilian psychiatric reform, the adoption of the Centers for Psychosocial Care (CAPS) and the development of the Unified Health System (SUS). The adherence of municipal governments was a variable determinant for the spread of reform, especially due to the continental scale and fragmentation of the Brazilian federation. The article demonstrates the institutional stability of psychiatric reform in Brazil over two decades. The institutional nature of the decision-making process in the public arena has permitted the implementation of new organizational formats through imitation and financial incentives. The psychiatric reform was successful in defending the advantages of CAPS in relation to the asylum and hospital model dominant in past decades. The inductive policies, strengthened and upheld by Law 10.216/2001, transformed the agenda of psychiatric reform, limited to pioneering cities in a national public policy.

Atenção psicossocial, clínica ampliada e território: a reforma psiquiátrica e os novos serviços de saúde mental / Psychosocial care, expanded clinical and territory: the psychiatric reform and the new mental health services

Este estudo tem como objeto a análise dos centros de atenção psicossocial. Considera que a adoção do modelo da atenção psicossocial demanda a inserção e a responsabilização territorial. Investiga os efeitos da territorialização para a clínica e a organização dos serviços. Apresenta a Reforma Psiquiátrica brasileira como parte de um processo mais amplo de transformação da política pública de saúde. Situa a influência da crítica ao paradigma psiquiátrico e do Sistema Único de Saúde no desenvolvimento de experiências locais de reorientação da assistência psiquiátrica. Elege como campo de pesquisa a configuração dos centros de atenção psicossocial da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, apontando seus avanços e impasses.