Antimalarial and analgesic activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Panicum maximum.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate antiplasmodial and analgesic activities of ethanolic leaf extract/fractions of Panicum maximum. METHODS: The crude leaf extract (47-190 mg/kg) and fractions (chloroform, ethyl acqeous and methanol; 96 mg/kg) of Panicum maximum were investigated for antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infections in mice and for analgesic activity against chemical and heat-induced pains. The antiplasmodial activity during early and established infections as well as prophylactic were investigated. Artesunate at 5 mg/kg and pyrimethamine at 1.2 mg/kg were used as positive controls. Analgesic activity of the crude extract/fractions was also evaluated against acetic acid, formalin and heat-induced pains. RESULTS: The extract and its fractions dose-dependently reduced parasitaemia induced by chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infection in prophylactic, suppressive and curative models in mice. These reductions were statistically significant (P<0.001). They also improved the mean survival time from 13 to 28 days compared with control (P<0.001). The activities of extract/fractions were incomparable to that of the standard drugs (Artesunate and pyrimethamine). On chemically and thermally-induced pains, the extract inhibited acetic acid and formalin-induced inflammation as well as hot plate-induced pain in mice. These inhibitions were statistically significant (P<0.001) and in a dose-dependent fashion. CONCLUSIONS: Panicum maximum leaf extract has antiplasmodial and analgesic activities which may in part be mediated through the chemical constituents of the plant.

Antimalarial and analgesic activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Panicum maximum

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate antiplasmodial and analgesic activities of ethanolic leaf extract/fractions of Panicum maximum.@*METHODS@#The crude leaf extract (47-190 mg/kg) and fractions (chloroform, ethyl acqeous and methanol; 96 mg/kg) of Panicum maximum were investigated for antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infections in mice and for analgesic activity against chemical and heat-induced pains. The antiplasmodial activity during early and established infections as well as prophylactic were investigated. Artesunate at 5 mg/kg and pyrimethamine at 1.2 mg/kg were used as positive controls. Analgesic activity of the crude extract/fractions was also evaluated against acetic acid, formalin and heat-induced pains.@*RESULTS@#The extract and its fractions dose-dependently reduced parasitaemia induced by chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infection in prophylactic, suppressive and curative models in mice. These reductions were statistically significant (P<0.001). They also improved the mean survival time from 13 to 28 days compared with control (P<0.001). The activities of extract/fractions were incomparable to that of the standard drugs (Artesunate and pyrimethamine). On chemically and thermally-induced pains, the extract inhibited acetic acid and formalin-induced inflammation as well as hot plate-induced pain in mice. These inhibitions were statistically significant (P<0.001) and in a dose-dependent fashion.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Panicum maximum leaf extract has antiplasmodial and analgesic activities which may in part be mediated through the chemical constituents of the plant.

Depot medroxyprogesterone injectable contraception at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo.

BACKGROUND: Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate is the most studied injectable contraceptive and also one of the most effective methods of contraception currently available. It is reversible, its use is independent of intercourse, and can be provided by trained non-medical staff making it particularly suitable for use in developing countries. The aim of this study is to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of its acceptors, the timing of use and complications at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The record cards of all clients who accepted medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable contraception over a nine-year period were studied. RESULTS: There were 1065 new contraceptive acceptors out of which 166 (15.1%) accepted depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. The modal age group of the clients was 30-34 years (35.0%). Majority of clients were grandmultiparous (63.9%), married (82.0%), and 50.6% had primary level education. Majority of the clients (84.2%) derived their sources of information on contraception from clinic personnel and friends/relatives. All the clients received their injections within seven days of menstruation. The most common side effects were amenorrhea (12.0%) and spotting of blood per vaginam (10.8%). CONCLUSION: Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate is a safe form of contraception, which was mostly accepted by grandmultiparous women and those in their thirties. The involvement of the print and electronic media in the propagation of accurate information about depot medroxprogesterone acetate to members of the community and the introduction of post-abortal and puerperal administrations of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and its new formulation; depo sub-Q provera in all our hospitals are advocated.